Hero Honda Success

‘Motorcycles are a hit in rural areas' Monday, April 15, 2002 Many continue to be surprised at the ability of India ‘s 2-wheeler segment to buck the present recessionary trend in the economy. What, they ask themselves, accounts for such resilience: competitive pricing? Quality? Technology? Or, is it ready availability? Mr. Brijmohan Lall Munjal, chairman, Hero Group of Companies, addresses some of these issues in an interview with Soumya Kanti Mitra. What makes the 2-wheeler segment so impervious to demand fluctuations? A 2-wheeler is the most necessary consumer durable good owned by lower Middle, and middle class, households. There is multiple ownership of this product in such households. Firstly, there is an income effect that influences 2-wheeler demand. Per Capita GDP growth of 3. 7 per cent per annum has been pushing households up into higher income brackets. The push effect is more in lower and middle- income groups – hence the increased demand. It also links up with the higher contributions of the service sector to GDP; the income impact of that has been greater on lower income households. A second major reason is the inadequate public transport. The percentage of people who use public transport has fallen from 85 per cent to 75. Entry-level transport options like two- and three-wheelers have mostly filled this gap. They have also become a sort of necessity and thus do not show heavy fluctuations in demand. Increased demand for two-wheelers from households has also led financial institutions to increase credit in a sustained way in the last three or four years. That too has imparted stability to this item, compared to others. A good proportion of sales owes to replacement demand. Are motorcycles gaining an edge over scooters? What is your experience as a market leader? There are few fresh issues with scooters. Firstly, the technology was dated. Secondly, most were two-stroke vehicles, less fuel-efficient compared to motorcycles. The only advantage was that one could carry along a spare tyre. But motor- cycles have been preferred in rural areas for better ground clearance, larger wheels and better suspension. They can easily be used on rough roads. Scooters are preferred in urban segments. New generation vehicles with four-stroke engines may soon hit the market and that will boost the sagging scooter market. For the last two years scooters sales have been less than a million per annum. Are you, and others in the industry, planning changes in output and investment? Considering the developments in household incomes and transport requirements we believe that the average annual growth of 2-wheelers for the next three years should be of around 8-10 per cent. There is over-capacity, but investments may be made in individual instances. The demand for motorcycles, however, is expected to grow by 15-18 per cent. That should attract investments. Abroad, certain top-end models in BMW's, Honda's or Ducati's ranges have actually become ‘lifestyle' statements for executives. Do you see anything like that happening in India ? The next 2-3 years may see a small beginning with the introduction of high-end motorcycles. But the concept is too early for India . We do not have nice roads where the customer can ride such high-end bikes. With affordability not being widespread, who will manufacture to cater to such small volumes? We may see some inroads after imports get fully liberalised, but I think it is early days for that. Are exports from the sector under siege owing to the international slowdown? That could be a major factor. Also, there is over capacity in most countries in the 2- wheeler industry. Markets in Latin America and Africa are impacted, while intra- Asian trade is very competitive.

H&M- brand/marketing Essay

Holiday Inn is a multinational brand of hotels that is run by the Intercontinental Hotels Group (IHG). The Intercontinental Hotels Group carries the Holiday Inn throughout the world to different destinations like South Asia, Europe and the Americas. They provide the guest with different brands that cater to their needs. There are 7 different brands throughout the world that provide services such as food and beverage, lodging, conventions, meetings and timeshares. These brands are Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Hotel and Suites, Holiday Inn Resort, Holiday Inn Select, Holiday Inn Sunspree Resorts, Holiday Inn Garden Court, Holiday Inn Express. Kemmons Wilson founded Holiday Inn in 1952 in Memphis Tennessee. Wilson’s architect Eddie Bluestein named it after the musical film Holiday Inn as a joke and stuck with the name until this day. After the first motel was built the expansion of the Holiday Inn Empire began to grow. In 1991 Intercontinental Hotels Group took over the Holiday Inn hotels and started to expand internationally. The companies core business is service. While their main focus is service they do sell merchandise in their gift shops supporting the Holiday Inn business. By providing excellent customer service to guests, guests remember the holiday inn brand and want to continue to come back and stay. The customers of the holiday inn vary from region to region and from the different brands that the holiday inn represents. For example the Holiday Inn conference center in Barrie caters towards business forward individuals. This particular holiday inn offers private meetings rooms and large conference rooms. But the Holiday Inn Sunspree Resorts that are in the Caribbean would cater towards tourists. The main customer that visits Holiday Inn is male, between the ages of 40-50 with a household income of $75,000 or more. They also have a college education1. Most of the Holiday Inn’s have similar or the same facilities, they offer indoor swimming pools, guest rooms, exercise rooms, onsite food and beverage centers (restaurants), gift shops, and staff that cater to the guests every need. Holiday Inn is part business and leisure industry. Their main business is the commitment to their guests’ needs and pleasures. Holiday Inn’s main competitors are other hotels and motels. The top five hotel chains are the Holiday Inn and IHG, Best Western, Marriott Hotels Resorts, Comfort Inns and Suites, and Hilton Hotels and Resorts. These hotel brands are in constant  competition with each other. Holiday Inn prides itself on its excellent customer service as a differentiator between these hotels. Not only do other hotels compete with Holiday Inn, motels and other resorts do as well. Many people believe that the holiday inn is lower than some of the high-end brands like the Marriott. In fact, the Marriott and Holiday Inn are in direct competition with each other and have very similar statistics. For instance the Marriott is said to have all of the business consumers (41%) but the holiday inn actually as 40% of those business consumers2. As their brand has already grown world wide, the main focus on the Holiday Inn is how to improve their already standing hotels to accommodate the guest better.

Global Financial Stability Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Financial Stability - Term Paper Example Therefore, global financial stability entails smooth operations of the financial institutions and global markets in conjunction with the global economy. Therefore, to determine a global financial stability balance of payments would help in providing information of an interpedently economy. Balance of payments Balance of payments is records of all financial transactions that are made between businesses, the American government and the consumers with people across the rest of the world. The figure in balance of payments explains the amount being spent by the consumers of a particular country and firms on imported goods and services (Choi, 2009). It also entails the degree of success the firms in a particular nation in terms of exports to other countries and markets. This is an essential measure of the United States economic performance worldwide. Karmakar (2010) suggests that a balance of payments gives information about the economic interdependence of a particular economy with foreign countries. It records the value of all transactions among residents and foreign persons for a given duration. Exports and investments are recorded as positive or alternative surplus items while imports or other deployments of capital in foreign countries are registered as negative or deficit entries. These payments relate to the United States banking growth in that when there is a crisis on balance of payments it might result into a banking crisis overseas. This happens when the economic growth is below the normal status (Choi, 2009). Both crises are preceded by great recessions, hence, this is worsening to trade sector and an overestimated exchange price and the rising cost of credit. In addition, this will have a hard hit on the countries’ exports resulting into a financial shock to the financial institutions. The balance of payments statements are used by the United States banks to interpret information thus enhancing better performances since the information from the sta tements is used to make appropriate financial decisions that control the monetary policy of the country’s economy. Banks overseas have a financial account, where any charges in assets and liabilities are recognized as foreign assets (Stern, 2006). The two possible entries to this entail the export capital, which emerges to an increase in assets or reduction in the external liabilities. On the other hand, the United States capital imports point to decrease in receivables and increase in external liabilities. This would enhance bank growth overseas due to the presence of more liquid cash in overseas banks resulting into a more stable financial base thus enhancing activities such as loan borrowing with competent interest rates .This increases the growth and development of the financial institutions such as banks since there is sufficient capital for development. The main balance of payments of a bank is also a portion of the balance of capital transfers account. In this case, th e balance shows funding to a statistical adjust in the outstanding stock on net foreign assets (Choi, 2009). The balance of payments is considered as one of the major indicators of the United States level of economic growth and this has a positive influence in the banking industry overseas. Consequently, it has the potential to control the rates of free-floating currencies since

Demonstrates your understanding of communication theories by applying Essay

Demonstrates your understanding of communication theories by applying the theories we have studied - Essay Example According to Vygotsky, this zone refers to an area of exploration for which the learner is cognitively prepared but need assistance and social interaction to fully develop. Vygotsky therefore believes that a teacher or a more experienced peer has the ability to provide t he student with what is termed as scaffolding, which helps the student to develop complex skills. This paper provides an insightful analysis of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and its relevance in young children is thinking and talking, as well as sociocultural influence in youths’ participation in gambling behavior. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, the most appropriate strategies for supporting the intellectual knowledge and skills of learners as well as enhancing intentional learning include collaborative leaning, modeling, discourse, and scaffolding. As mentioned earlier, his most prominent contribution is the concept of Zone of Proximal Development. In his own words, the Zone of Proximal Development refers to the distance between a child’s actual developmental level as dictated by independent problem solving, and the higher level of potential development as determined by problem solving under adult guidance or with support from more capable peers. In his journal article, Young Children Thinking and Talking: Using sociocultrual theory for multilayered analysis, Robbins (2012) applies the ideas and concepts of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory in describing the thinking and communication of young children. According to Robbins(2012), Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory provides an rich information base upon which we can understand how the biological line of development and cultural line contribute towards the overall development of children’s thinking. He believes that the lower order mental processes with which children are born with are transformed into higher mental process through interaction with others as well as the mediation of various

Commercial and investment banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Commercial and investment banking - Essay Example One of the latest trends experienced in the banking industry is the internationalization of banking institutions. As much as it comes with a variety of advantages, it has several disadvantages worth noting. To start with, there is increased competition in the local banking industry thus posing a challenge to locally based banks. Small local customers previously served by local investment banks are now being targeted by huge international banks in search of new clientele in the global market (Crocket 2001, p.1). Moreover, the cost of gathering information is becoming increasingly high coupled with the cost of regulation. Most banks operating on the international arena are facing extremely high operating cost affecting their profitability negatively (the economist 2015, p.1). It is the duty of the headquarters to monitor the operations of all its subsidiaries and comply with regulation requirement of the host country when setting up subsidiaries. The more subsidiaries a bank have the higher the cost of monitoring and regulation. Further, just like establishing any other business unit initial capital is required and at times may be too high. Different countries have different regulations concerning the initial capital investment required before a new firm can be granted operation permission. As such, international banking institutions are at risk of high initial capital investment especially where a huge amount is required to act as security for the customers’ deposits in case of liquidation.

Has the improved explosive device impacted our ability to develop a Essay

Has the improved explosive device impacted our ability to develop a reasonably priced tactical vehicle - Essay Example The aim of selecting these sites is for them to explode underneath or beside a vehicle causing maximum damage2. The improvement of the vehicle armor on the military vehicle has made the insurgents to place IEDs on raised positions like utility poles, road signs or trees so as to be able to hit the less protected areas. In Afghanistan, it was reported by military experts in January 2010 that Taliban fighters had already developed a new, almost undetectable generation of the IEDs. This new generation has no metallic or electronic parts compared to the previous IEDs that were triggered by two blades of hack-saw separated by a spacer. The most recent and lethal means of exploding the IEDs is the trigger mechanism which incorporates either the use of the radio, cell phone, is victim-operated or infrared device which makes it difficult to detect or disarm them. Impacts of Improved Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq and Afghanistan on US Army’s Ability to Develop a Reasonably Priced Ta ctical Vehicle Due to the new inventions and improvements in the use of IEDs, law enforcement and military forces personnel have come up with several RSP (render safe procedures) to curb the threat of IEDs. These RSP may be developed from direct experience with the devices or research applied which is designed to counter the threat. Among countermeasures put in place include the application of the underbelly armor applique’ on the EFV (Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle) as it comes ashore and before their encounter with the IEDs following the June 2007 letter from the Subcommittee of House Armed Services on Expeditionary Forces and Sea Power to the marine corps commandant3. The January and February 2010 tests at the centre of Aberdeen showed that the EFV offers protection on blast equal to 2nd category protected vehicle of the mine resistant ambush, including two IEDs which are simulated on its tracks and under its belly4. Improved explosive devices (IEDs) in Iraq and Afghanista n have also impacted the US army’s ability to develop a reasonably priced tactical vehicle. This is because it has since helped in the development of improvised vehicle armor. This is an armor that is added or centrally planned in the field, which was originally part of the design. In the recent US-Iraq and US-Afghanistan wars, US troops armored their Humvees in their war against Iraq. Their transport vehicles were also armored with scrap materials. The Americans came to know this as â€Å"hillbilly armor or hajji armor† when Iraqi contractors installed it5. In Afghanistan, the US troops lined their vehicles’ floor with sandbags to provide them with extra protection against improvised explosive devices. Sometimes, US tanks had tracks of spare strips welded on the hulls6. However, this was to provide them short lived protection, as the Iraqis and Afghanistan’s learnt about it and devised the devices in a way that they could destroy them by use of new trigg er mechanisms. This was a loss to the US army because despite the investment, the impact was not to last for long, and they had to find another means of dealing with the trigger mechanism. When Baghdad was captured by US troops, vehicles of military police were fully installed with required machinery. However, road side bombs, snipers, RPG teams and small alarms were deployed by insurgent forces to attack US military vehicles on known routes and supply conveys. American troops protected themselves from such threats by

Business Model of On-Line Retaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Model of On-Line Retaining - Essay Example On-Line retailing business runs over the Internet through well designed user friendly portals, whereby the products & services are displayed through electronic means (like photographs, images, videos, etc.) and payments collected either electronically or using a system that accepts remote checks, wire transfers or on-delivery cash. On-line Retailing is different from the traditional business primarily from the perspective of product display, business expenses, business location, communication & customer engagement, and technology. Supply chain management of both businesses are similar with the only exception that on-line businesses have to manage their deliveries remotely and in larger geographies (even at global levels) whereas the traditional retailers may have to carry out lesser remote deliveries within a fixed locality. We hereby analyze the on-line retailing process deployed by eBay through their portal named (www.ebay.com). The process of on-line shopping starts from a search engine - either global search engines like Google, Yahoo or the search engine built within the eBay portal. Products advertised on eBay can be approached through both the mechanisms. Once the buyer reaches the on-line display of the product of c... Once the buyer reaches the on-line display of the product of choice (two or three dimensional graphics or video along with specifications, pricing details, terms & conditions, etc), he/she can evaluate the product using published specifications & pictures/videos and then open a shopping cart where the products selected for purchase can be collected. After collecting all products, the buyer can proceed for payments where the terms on eBay are electronic (credit cards or debit cards. Given that eBay is a global on-line shopping portal, they do not offer localized choices of payments. The soft products can be downloaded online and the hard products are transferred to the customer from the warehouse that is closest to the physical address of the Customer. eBay also offers international delivery of products through world class renowned courier services which is charged to the buyer at the time of purchase. [Chatpar and Venugopalan, 2007] Key Traits and Bases of success of the marketing strategy of Online Retailers The key factors of success of Online Retail businesses are the following: (a) Excellent User Friendly Portal system: eBay is one of the most user friendly on-line shopping portal of the world. The buyers are able to quickly search and select products of their choice through well deigned categorization & guidance systems and make secured & reliable payment. (www.ebay.com). (b) High Quality Customer Services: To serve their customers, eBay has on-line chat & message boards, e-mail ids through which trained customer support specialists respond quickly to address queries or grievances. Extra information on every product is available through local product catalogues whereby the products in stock exactly match the

Organisational Behaviour in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational Behaviour in Action - Essay Example Similarly Mill, Bentham and Locke tried to include the principles of pleasure, pain and hedonism in describing human motivation but could not distinguish what factors accounted for differences in individual motivation. It was Douglas McGregor who pointed out that in order to achieve organizational objectives, it was better to treat workers with respect and compassion (McGregor, 1960, 12). One’s morale can suffer on account of undue pressures at work, bad supervision or the state of the economy when others are being laid off. In this paper we will try to discover how to keep the employees motivated and happy despite the dismal conditions all around them. Using Equity Theory to Motivate Employees at Bain & Company Psychologists and social scientists have developed various theories to explain how to motivate employees towards greater productivity and satisfaction in the workplace. Among these are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor or Hygiene t heory, Vroom’s Expectancy theory, J. Stacy Adams’ Equity theory and so forth. In the case cited, we have the example of Bain and Company, where the worldwide Managing Director Steve Ellis is still not afraid to hire new employees in hot growth areas despite the recessionary trends in the economy as of 2009. He has managed to placate and address employee fears of being fired by reducing their goals to achievable levels looking at the state of the economy. He is also raised the rewards for lower level and temporary employees, so that they remain motivated and happy to have a job despite the economic slowdown. The equity theory states that there should be a balance between the output or productivity of an employee on the job and the rewards given to them. If the rewards given are perceived to be less than equal, the employee becomes dissatisfied and his productivity will drop in the near future. If the rewards given to an employee are perceived to be matching the level of his efforts at work, he will be suitably satisfied and his productivity will remain at the same level in the near future. The theory also states that if we want to increase an employee’s productivity, we should reward him a little bit more than he expects for his efforts. The employee will thus be pleasantly surprised and will definitely be motivated to work harder considering the faith that management has put into him. This is what Bain and Company is trying to do with the lower level employees by reducing goals and giving more rewards at lower levels of achievement across the organization. It is also seen that when employees are made to work harder and longer hours without a commensurate rewards program, ultimately they will leave the organization when things get better in the economy. Perhaps this is the very thing that Bain and Company wants to avoid. So by rewarding employees in this fashion, staff is not only happy to come to work every day but also learn not to worry like their counterparts in other organizations who are living in fear and despair. They can produce without undue worry about tomorrow. Using Expectancy Theory to Explain Motivation in Bain & Company The case cited also mentions that Bain and Company is hiring employees in hot growth areas. Steve Ellis thinks that a downturn is the best time to hire some outstanding employees away from the competition because of economic uncertainty and layoffs adding to the fear

Review on The Man with a movie camera 1928 b&w, silent Dziga Vertov Essay

Review on The Man with a movie camera 1928 b&w, silent Dziga Vertov (90min) - Essay Example Firstly, he reminds the audience, that this is an experiment in cinematic communication without the aid of inter-titles, sets actors and a scenario. Then he tells that this is an effort to create a truly international absolute language for cinema. His third claim is that this is an attempt to totally separate cinema from theatre and literature so that a pure cinematic language is born. Everything mundane and commonplace are attributed a meaning from the very beginning of the film. But enough space is given in the film for the viewer to indulge in this process of meaning creation on his/her own rather than agree to what the film maker suggests. The unfolding of the chairs in the theatre is recorded in a montage form as if that was the most important event of the day in that theatre. The long pause before the performance in which every artist holds his or her breath and is on the verge of starting to play is also made subject of another montage. This kind of detailing of the trivia progresses towards subtle and profound meaning creation as the film moves on. The camera eye is interspersed with the human eye in several frames. Images are repeated in different compositions to add a new element of detail. For example, there is a film poster of which we first see the pictures only. Later the name of the film also is displayed making us remember the image that we saw earlier in a new light. The film is divided into nine segments. Novel and even wild editing techniques are used throughout. Multiple exposures are used to emotionally link workers with the machines they use. Detailing with a passion to find correlations between human behaviour and actions of the machines has resulted in a number of powerful cuts like that from the close up of blinking of an eye to the movement of camera shutter blinds. Washing of human body is correlated with washing of walls of a building. Vertov also includes the process of film making into this creative interface of humans

Project Management- MGMT412 - 1304B - 01 unit 2 Essay

Project Management- MGMT412 - 1304B - 01 unit 2 - Essay Example Product scope description: Winsome Company is under the management of a sister company known as Winsome’s sister company. The products and raw materials used by the company are purchased from different manufactures. They brand the products, educate the sales representatives and market them to the targeted audiences. In addition, the team will be required to attend the quarterly branch manager sales events to present the new kind of product they will be offering in the market to their respective audiences. The results the project will produce will entail all these sales deliverables required for the launching of the new products through research into different departments and consultation with various department heads (Harrington & McNellis, 2006). Acceptance criteria: The acceptance criteria for the introduction of the new product into the market will entails creating product specifications, producing photographs of the product in question, producing their pricing structures f or the new products and highlight the sources of their marketing materials. Stages will be involved in the acceptance criteria as goals for the Winsome Company and the new product will be reviewed by the different departments and government bodies concerned. ... The new product will be passed through the review to confirm the manufacturing process and the test the new product to be released into the market. Lastly, the product will be passed through exit criteria for reviews which will involve changes, signatures and putting the deliverables under the configuration management system. Deliverables: The project deliverables for the business will involve set quantitative objectives for the team. Secondly, the composite sales objectives will be reconciled. Lastly, to create an efficient marketing plan that will involve adjusting the qualitative of composite objectives into marketing plan objectives (Hougham & Association for Project Management, 2004). Project Exclusions: The project will not produce other deliverables that are not concerned with the sales and marketing on the new product that will be produced by the company. Its major emphasis will only be centered to focus on the sales and marketing activities conducted by the company. Constrai nts: However, in writing for the company the scope statement, there are unforeseen barriers that might hinder my process and result to poor sales and marketing strategy for the product to be produced by the company. Lack of funds might affect the process because it will hinder the research process thus interfere with the formulation of the deliverables required for the sales of the new product into the market. Time might also be a barrier to the process because the project duration might not be sufficient enough to allow for a thorough research of the sales deliverables required by the company. Assumptions: Reconciling the sales objectives may however lead to a waste of the company resources or poor management decisions for the company and the entire sales

Regression Analysis of Ipl Players Auction Essay Example for Free

Regression Analysis of Ipl Players Auction Essay Linear regression model has been developed using Backward variable selection method. The criterion used for Backward method is Probability of F-to-remove gt;= 0. 100 As seen from the above table in our model the ‘R Square’ value of is 0. 618 and ‘Adjusted R Square’ value is 0. 592. Team variable is removed Cricket in the T20 format is considered a young man’s sport, is there evidence that the player’s price is influenced by age? From our analysis we have seen that the price of a player is greater if the player is less than 25 years of age. Identify the predictor that has the highest impact on the price of players. Batting strike rate and bowling strike rate do not have significant impact on the pricing. This can be explained by very low R2 = 0. 014 for bowling strike rate and R2 = 0. 034 for batting strike rate. Bowling Strike Rate vs Sold Price Batting Strike Rate vs Sold Price The base price has the highest impact on Selling Price of the players. When compared to others, the base price has the highest R square value How much should Mumbai Indians offer Sachin Tendulkar if they would like to retain him? Is the model sufficient to predict the price of Icon players? According to model, the sold price of Sachin is 1800000 but fair value of Sachin Tendulkar is 1598610. 008 which minimum amount should be paid. Icon player should get 15% premium over second highest pay. But this factor is not considered in our analysis. Hence, our model can’t predict the value of icon players.

Effects of ICT Essay Example for Free

Effects of ICT Essay New Technologies The new technologies in the computer industrial have made major advances. This has opened new jobs but have also lost job. Things can be done faster and over night. It has become easier and faster to send thing across the world. Mail has become so fast that you van now see events and meet with people in video with people that are on the other side of the world. From the invention of the computer people has tried to make them smaller and faster. In the beginning they made 3 forms of computer, apple Macs, IBM mainframes, and desktop pc. When this was going on IBM were leading the way with the mainframes but as IBM moved into making mainframes the desktop pc began to get popular. IBM was forced out of the industry. Since then they have lost out on a lot of the market. This led the market open and has been filled with other companies. Since then there has been a lot of new technologies like faster internet and the need for speed as increased and the need better communication between people all over the world. Advantages of ICT The advantage of ICT is that it is fast and is cheaper to run than people. This has led to a revolution in building on production lines. For example in Ford at the car plant in Dagenham they have replaced the working line that once had many people to a line made of robots to do one job at a time. Another advantage of ICT is that is easier to talk to people on the other side of the world form your home computer. With advances in technologies we can have video meeting and conference with people across the world. The world has now become small. Disadvantages of ICT The disadvantages of ICT is that cause of millions have job have been lost due the revolution it has left millions of people out of work. This has also left people with no money, but when the car was invented what happened to the horse and cab driver. They trained in driving cars. So people who lost their jobs should train in the technologies and adapt to the changes. An animal in the environment that has a changed his eco system changes to fit in so why cant we. Effects of ICT in the work place ICT has greatly effect the work place because of new ways of communicating with other people across the world and the people that would have jobs like printing or running printing presses. They jobs would have gone to save money with the bosses and they would have been replaced with jobs like computer operators. This would be cheaper for the management and faster. It has also changed the world does business in transfers and moving money from account to account. With the invention of the Internet speed will only get faster and better quality will always come on the market. This means when you pay for goodies the money is transferred directly into the supplier accounts. It doesnt just work on a small market but when you buy stokes and shares they are paid directly and the value can go up or down according to want you do. In offices these days they will put a computer work station at every desk to have easy access to the documents and other personal or business resources. This is capable cause of they network that the computer is connect to. The environmental Effects of ICT The effects of Computers in the environment is that we dont use as much paper as we used to so therefore there have been a lot less trees cut down due to this. With no computer powered machine to cut the wood there is also a lot less wastage from other forms of waste from the wood and the paper being wasted. In an older office they would use a lot of paper to write things down to remember things. This made people use more paper and when there was a memo going round the office they would use the paper to write it on to. This would have meant the why would have use millions of tons of waste paper every year. With and e system they would use and email to save paper because it is faster and more efficient to get a message to someone. This means that people would save so much more money than they spend on paper. Now they only would use paper in a letter that they would print off and give to the people that they would go to. The Social, Moral and Ethical Issues of Computers These issues are to do with the way we use things like credit cards and debit cards in our socialites today. These cards are used to borrow money to pay for other things like clothes and food. This is always using to pay as a substitute to money. These are known as credit cards. Credit means to borrow and pay back at the end of the month or the end of the period that you have borrowed that money. Another effect of Computer is the health and safety of them. Computer can cause stress and muscle pain in later life because you have to sit down and look at a monitor, which could give off radiation. These problems all need to be looked at when putting in an e system into a work place. Personal Privacy The issue of personal privacy because of computer they have a large amount of data in large database about different people across the UK. This can mean that they can sell your data to other people across the UK and therefore the junk mail is increased. These database hold information like your name, age, phone number, where you live, email address and in some database bank details. The information in these databases can be used for junk mail and other things that is not need for you. These are used for gaining information on people. Data Protection Act The data protection act of 1984 says that data that has been acquired lawfully from then person that the data concerned. It should also be up to date. There was a new data protection act of 1998 says that data can be build up over time but I needs to be keep lawfully and not given away for unknown uses, They should be given a small amount of information that would need to be transferred between two companies. Valid Data It is important that data is kept up to date by the companies cause if it is stored on a computer over a long period of time this has to been change in order if someone was to change there address or change the job. This is done by legitimate sources for the persons that have been put in to this. Everyone should be very careful on who they give out there data to. Security of Data The companies that also have the data need to keep are stored in a safe place and have it up to date. This has protected your files from hackers by using an encryption of data. This means that your data has to be secure in all ways.

Environmental impact sustainability

Environmental impact sustainability Introduction Emissions from shipping contribute significantly to the concentrations of harmful air pollutants in Europe. There are, still, technical methods which these pollutants could be reduced for 80-90 per cent. These methods are cost-effective compared with land-based sources. Such reductions are needed for protecting health and the environment, and for shipping to develop into a more sustainable kind of transport. Air emissions have been a major issue for many years between political and shipping groups. More recently, though, the political climate has toughened with the subject being raised from a matter of local pollution to one of global warming. Exhaust emissions from land transport and electricity generation are already heavily regulated within very low limits. Shipping has not yet been greatly affected and the emissions are growing with the increasing sea-borne trade. Shipping consumes about five per cent of global oil consumption which leads to global NOx emissions of about 12.57 million tonnes / year, and about 10.54 million tonnes / year global SOx emissions. Obviously, stricter air pollution control regulations will come for shipping. Yet it is not known which emissions types will be regulated, to what level and when. World shipping has been reported as generating some 438 million tonnes / year of CO2 which is equivalent to about 1.8 per cent of global CO2 emissions. Increasing emissions The emissions of air pollutants from ships engaged in international trade in the seas surrounding Europe Baltic, North Sea, north-eastern part of the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea were estimated to have been 2.6 million tons of sulphur dioxide and 3.6 million tons of nitrogen oxides (NOx) a year, in 2000. While pollutant emissions from land-based sources are gradually coming down, those from shipping show a constant increase. Even after the application of MARPOL Annex VI, which sets limits on the sulphur content of marine fuels for the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the English Channel, emissions of SO2 from international shipping are expected to increase more than 42 per cent by 2020, and those of NOx by two thirds. In both cases, by 2020, the emissions from international shipping around Europe will have exceeded the total from all land-based sources in the 27 member states combined. It has been estimated that about 90 per cent of the total SO2 and NOx emissions from ships in the North Sea, including the English Channel, originates from a zone of approximately 50 nautical miles (about 90 kilometres) from the coast line. International shipping within a distance of 100 nautical miles from the coast was estimated to be a source of 97 per cent of the total in the North Sea. Air quality health,acidification, eutrophication Particles SO2 and NOx can become converted into sulphate and nitrate particles, which are very small and among the most frequent of airborne particles. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased mortality (especially from cardio-vascular and cardio-pulmonary diseases) and sickness. According to the European Environment Agency, up to 45 per cent of Europes urban population are exposed to PM10 levels (particles of 10 micrometres or less) exceeding the forthcoming EU standards (EEA, 2004). It has been estimated that exposure to particulate matter in outdoor air leads to about 100,000 deaths annually in Europe , that the effect of PM on life expectancy may be in the order of one to two years. Ship emissions are estimated to contribute between twenty and thirty per cent to the air concentrations of secondary inorganic particles in most coastal areas. Ground-level ozone Nitrogen oxides contribute also to the formation of ground-level ozone, which damages vegetation as well as human health. In the second half of the 1990s, almost all of Europes urban population were exposed to ozone concentrations above the limit value for the protection of human health. It has been estimated that about 75 per cent of the urban population in southern Europe, and 40 per cent in the northern part, lived in cities where the ozone levels exceeded the EU target value of 120 micrograms per cubic metre (mg/m3) for more than 20 days. Shipping emissions contribute remarkably to the formation of ground-level ozone, especially in the Mediterranean region, where increased concentrations resulting from ships NOx emissions amount to 16-20 mg/m3. The high concentrations of ozone in the Mediterranean region do not only affect human health and crop harvests, but also pose a threat to the regions important tourist industry. Acidification In 2000, the depositions of sulphur and nitrogen exceeded the critical loads for acidic substances on more than 260,000 square kilometres (about 20 per cent) of sensitive forest ecosystems in the EUs member states. Emissions from ship traffic contribute to exceed of critical loads of acidity by more than 50 per cent in most of the coastal areas along the English Channel and the North Sea, in the Baltic Sea along the coast of Germany and Poland, and also in large parts of southern Sweden and Finland. Also, there are a large number of grid cells in northern Europe where ship emissions are responsible for more than 90 per cent of exceed critical loads for acidity. Eutrophication Nitrogen oxides lead to eutrophication, which affects biodiversity both on land and in coastal waters. In 2000, the depositions of nitrogen exceeded the critical loads for eutrophication on 800,000 square kilometres (about 60 per cent) of sensitive terrestrial ecosystems in EU. Also, there are a large number of areas in northern Europe where ship emissions are responsible for more than 90 per cent of exceed critical loads. In the Mediterranean, ships emissions contribute more than 50 per cent of exceed critical loads in parts of Greece, Italy, and Spain. Although most of the SO2 and NOx emitted from ships operating in international trade get deposited over the sea, shipping is the largest single source of acidifying and eutrophying result over many countries in Europe. Corrosion Air pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone, accelerate the rate of weakening of a large number of various materials. Buildings and monuments made of limestone and some kinds of sandstone are especially sensitive to corrosion from acidic substances. Also metals become corroded more quickly in an acid environment. Ozone is known to speed up the disintegration of textile materials, leather and rubber. Climate change Emissions from ships also contribute to global warming. An estimate of the change in net irradiance at the atmospheric boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere (radiative forcing) due to CO2 emissions from ships indicates that ships may account for 1.8 per cent of the global. Additionally, according to a study made for the IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee, the radiative forcing resulting from increased levels of ground-level ozone due to NOx from international shipping are highly likely to produce positive forcing effects that will contribute to global warming and that could be in the same range as (or larger than) direct forcing from CO2 (Henningsen, 2000). Modes of Transport and Emissions Truck versus ship emissions Comparison of the environmental performance of different modes of transport is difficult, but by tightening down the comparison to a few air pollutants, some conclusions can be made. In terms of todays average vehicles and fuel, a ship will emit out 30-50 times more sulphur per ton-kilometre than a truck. When diesel becomes even cleaner in 2005, the difference increased to 150-300 times. Trucks advantage over ships even if ships are run on oil with a sulphur content of 1 per cent. This comes from the fact that the highest allowable sulphur content of diesel oil for road traffic has been gradually brought down by regulation. As from 2000 it was lowered in the EU to 350 ppm (parts per million), and in 2005 it is further reduced to 50 ppm. A further reduction to below 10 ppm is anticipated by 2010 such fuels are already being placed on the market. On the other hand, the average sulphur content of marine heavy fuel oil used in European waters is about 2.7 per cent, i.e. 27,000 ppm. Regarding to nitrogen oxides, ships release about twice as much NOx per ton-kilometre as the latest truck models today, and the difference is set to increase (again see Table 3). In 2005, the emission standards for trucks in the EU were cut from the present 5.0 to 3.5 g/kWh, and in 2010 to 2.0 g/kWh. According to a recent report, the burning of marine heavy fuel oil gives rise to high emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Because of its high content of polycyclic aromatics, this type of fuel is classified as cancer-causing and harmful to the environment. If we compare to a heavy diesel-driven truck, the PAH emissions from a ship using marine heavy fuel oil are about 30 times higher per energy unit. i.e. if the energy output of a ships engine is 40 times of a truck engine, the PAH-emissions from a fairly large vessel entering a port will correspond to those from about 1200 heavy trucks. Energy Plants vs. Ships Sulphur emissions from land-based stationary sources are in the EU regulated by several instructions, directive 1999/32 on the sulphur content of liquid fuels, directive 2001/80 on the limitation of emissions from large combustion plants, and directive 1996/61 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. According to directive 1999/32, the maximum allowed emissions from all oil-fired plants must not exceed the equivalent of using heavy fuel oil with a sulphur content of 1 per cent. For gas oils, including for marine use, the limit are set stricter, at a maximum of 0.2 per cent, and it is further reduced to 0.1 per cent as from January 2009 (Figure 3). Any new large combustion plants (i.e. with a thermal capacity of more than 50 megawatts) built after 2003, according to directive 2001/80, keep their SO2-emissions below levels equivalent to maximum sulphur contents in fuel oil of between 0.1 and 0.5 per cent. The bigger the plant, the stricter the emission limit value will apply. International action so far Although some countries, such as Sweden and Norway, have taken steps to tackle the problem of ships emissions independently, on the whole, little has been done about it. Shipping is an international business, it would be logical to try and bring global agreement for control of its emissions, and an attempt has been made in the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO). After years of negotiation, agreement was reached in 1997 on an air-pollution annex to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention. But this agreement was so fragile that it was obvious it would have little effect. Annex VI establishes a global sulphur cap of 4.5 per cent for bunker fuel, and it designates two so-called sulphur emission control areas (the Baltic Sea and the North Sea), where fuel used by ships must be below 1.5 per cent. It also suggests emission standards for NOx for diesel engines with a power output greater than 130 kilowatts, but these standards are so weak that virtually all new engines are already in compliance. Following its confirmation by 15 countries representing the 50 per cent of the gross tonnage of the worlds merchant fleet, Annex VI came into force in May 2005. In practise this will mean that the 1.5-per-cent sulphur limit apply to all ships in the Baltic Sea as in May 2006, while the corresponding requirement for the North Sea was delayed until 2007. 2008 Amendments (Tier II/III)à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Annex VI amendments adopted in October 2008 introduced (1) new fuel quality requirements beginning from July 2010, (2) Tier II and III NOx emission standards for new engines, and (3) Tier I NOx requirements for existing pre-2000 engines. The revised Annex VI enters into force on 1 July 2010. By October 2008, Annex VI was ratified by 53 countries (including the Unites States), representing 81.88% of tonnage. The voting rules of the MARPOL convention, as well as experience to date, make it unlikely that possible further moves by the IMO will result in any significant emission reductions in the near future. Protocols for reducing emissions under the Convention on Long-Range Trans boundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) do not cover those from international shipping. Also, the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping are not covered by the Framework Convention on Climate Change or its Kyoto protocol. Although it has long been held within the European Union that shipping is a matter for the IMO, the Commission has recently been investigating the economic, legal, environmental, and practical implications of coordinated EU action for reducing the emissions of air pollutants from ships. This initiative has been encouraged among others because the EU directive on national emission ceilings required the Commission to present a program of action for reducing emissions from international maritime traffic before the end of 2002. CO2 emission control methods Water injection Water injection is a method for cooling the combustion chambers of engines by adding water to the entering fuel-air mixture, allowing for greater compression ratios and largely eliminating the problem of engine knocking. This effectively increases the octane rating of the fuel, and performance gains can be obtained when used in combination with a supercharger or turbocharger, altered spark ignition timing, and other modifications. Many water injection systems use a mixture of water and alcohol (usually 50/50), partly because the alcohol is flammable, while water is not; in addition, the alcohol serves as antifreeze for the water. The initial injection of water cools the fuel-air mixture fairly, which allows more mixture to enter the cylinder. Greater effect comes later during combustion when the water takes in, significant amounts of heat energy as it converts from liquid to gas, increasing piston pressure and reducing the peak temperature with its resulting NOx formation as well as the amount of energy absorbed into the cylinder walls. The duration of combustion is said to be longer. An interesting side effect that has been reported is that water injection effectively steam cleans the engine interior, resulting in less carbon excess build-up. Hot carbon deposits are cause of knocking. Eco Silencer The Eco Silencer design has undergone several years of testing and shipboard trials that have proven the systems ability to reduce SOx exhaust emissions and remove soot particulate as well as reduce exhaust noise. Depending on the vessels engine configuration, the Eco Silencer has the ability to reduce SO2 exhaust emissions by up to 90 % with a minimum performance guarantee that will allow burning the maximum 4.5% sulphur fuel and still surpassing the regulated reduction to 1.5% sulphur fuel. The acidic gasses, and particulate removed from the exhaust gas are pass through a water treatment system is designed to filter wastes on a continuous basis, and to provide outlet water that is environmentally safe. Reducing emissions of NOx There are various methods for reducing NOx emissions, differing somewhat in cost and effectiveness. Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR It can reduce the emissions of NOx by more than 90 per cent, but may require the use of low-sulphur fuel. When retrofitted it replaces the exhaust silencers. Nitrogen oxides are reduced to nitrogen gas by spraying urea or ammonia into the gases before they pass through a catalytic converter. Reduction costs are generally below 600 euro per ton NOx reduced, lower if the equipment can be installed while the ship is being built. There are now more than fifty ships fitted for SCR. About half of them are Swedish, and most of the others are frequent operators at Swedish ports. This is largely a result of the environmentally differentiated fairway charges and port dues that has been used in Sweden in since 1998. HAM, Humid Air Motor A technique for preventing the formation of NOx, during combustion, by adding water vapours to the combustion air. Performance is unaffected either by the quality of the bunker oil or by engine workload. By reducing the consumption of fuel and lubricating oil, HAM has the advantage over Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of somewhat lowering operating costs instead of increasing them. The method is able to reduce NOx by 70-80 per cent at a cost apparently similar to that of SCR. Shore-side electricity While docked at the port, ships shut off their propulsion engines, but use their auxiliary engines to power refrigeration, lights, pumps and other equipment. These auxiliary engines are usually powered by high-sulphur marine heavy fuel oil or in some cases by lower-sulphur marine gas oil, resulting in significant emissions of air pollutants. One possible alternative measure that specifically aims to reduce emissions from vessels in port is to plug them up to shore-side electricity so that they no longer need to run their auxiliary engines. This solution is not has problems though i.e. it requires investments and certain modifications to be made in the ports and on-board vessels. Systems for supplying shore-side electricity is nothing new they have been in use for decades in a few ports and for certain types of vessels. Experience from the Port of Goteborg, among others, has shown that the realities of handling shore-side electricity systems are simple, if modern high-voltage systems are used. The entire procedure for switching from on-board generated power to shore-side electricity is done in less than ten minutes, including the phasing in of the new electricity supply and closing down of the on-board auxiliaries. In a recent Swedish study, the direct costs for shore-side electricity were found to be two to four times higher than the direct cost of generating electricity on-board by auxiliary engines running on heavy fuel oil. However, the study also evaluated the external costs that emissions of air pollutants give rise to through damage to health and the environment, and these are significantly lower for vessels that are connected to a shore-side electricity supply. Depending on the fuel (Heavy Fuel Oil or Marine Gas Oil) and the type of shipping service examined, the external costs for on-board generation of electricity were found to be between 15 and 75 times higher than those for shore-side electricity connection. (The shore side electricity was assumed to be generated by modern coal-fired power plants). A comparison between direct electricity generation costs and estimated external costs of on-board generation and shore-side electricity, respectively, showed that the benefits associated with shore-side electricity supplies clearly outweigh the costs. The study concludes that shore-side electricity can effectively reduce air pollutant emissions and noise from vessels in port, thus providing environmental and health benefits. It is also recommended that if a wide-scale application of shore-side electricity systems were to be envisaged, it would be useful to develop a common international practice, or international standards, for such systems. A Community strategy toreduce air pollution from ships The EU strategy to reduce the emissions of air pollutants from sea-going ships was adopted by the European Commission in November 2002. It contains a broad series of objectives, proposed actions and recommendations for bringing about such reductions over the next 5-10 years. According to the Commission, the cost of reducing emissions from ships is considerably lower than that of further abatement on land. The strategy document includes a list of actions that the Commission itself intends to take, as well as those it recommends to other parties. Here are some examples: International action Within the International Maritime Organization the European Commission will continue to press for tougher measures to reduce ships emissions. It recommends member states to ratify MARPOL Annex VI as soon as possible, and to support a co-ordinated EU position pressing for tighter international standards in regard to the global sulphur cap and NOx emissions. EU regulation on emission standards On November 20, the European Commission published a proposal to amend directive 1999/32/EC so as to limit the sulphur content of marine fuels marketed and used in the EU. The recently adopted directive 2004/ 26/EC (amending directive 1997/68/EC) sets standards for emissions of NOx, PM and CO (Carbon Monoxide) for new non-road engines marketed in the EU, including engines for use aboard vessels operating on inland waterways. These new standards are gradually strengthened over the time period 2006-2014. As concerns global emission standards for ships engines, if the IMO has not proposed tighter international standards for NOx by the end of 2006, the Commission will consider bringing forward a proposal for reducing such emissions from seagoing vessels, in line with the proposed US standards put forward by the US Environment Protection Agency. EU regulation on economic instruments The European Commission has yet to come up with proposals, in the context of an EU framework for infrastructure charging, for the development of an EU system of differentiated charges for all modes of transportation. A charging scheme for maritime transportation will be part of that framework, and be developed on the basis of ships environmental performance, including atmospheric emissions. Later, the Commission considered the possibility of developing emissions trading regime (or regimes) to achieve incremental reductions in ships emissions in EU sea areas, particularly for NOx. The feasibility of trading in ships emissions will however first have to be demonstrated. Voluntary measures The European Commission urges the international bunker industry to make available significant quantities of marine heavy fuel oil with a maximum sulphur content of 1.5 per cent in states bordering on SOx Emission Control Areas, and also to make available at least some marine fuel of any grade with a sulphur content of 1.5 per cent in all world bunkering ports, so as to be able to supply ships destined for an SOx Emission Control Area. The Commission urges port authorities to consider introducing voluntary speed reductions, and to require, facilitate, or provide incentives for ships to use land-based electricity or clean on-board power while in port. References * Ahlbom, J. and Duus, U. (2003). Rent skepp kommerlastat. GÃÆ' ¶teborg, Sweden. (An English abstract is available at: www.gronkemi.nu/skepp.html) * Amann, M., Bertrok, I., Cofala, J., Gyarfas, F., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., SchÃÆ' ¶pp, W., Winiwarter, W. (2004) Baselinescenarios for the Clean Air For Europe (CAFE)Programme. Final report to the European Commission, DG Environment, in October 2004. Contract B4- 040/2002/340248/MAR/C1. (www.iiasa.ac.at/rains/CAFE_files) * Beicip-Franlab (2002). Advice on the costs to fuel producersand price premia likely to result from a reductionin the level of sulphur in fuels marketed inthe EU. European Commission Study C1/01/2002. (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/index_en.htm) * Concawe (1993). The Europan environmental and refiningimplications of reducing the sulphur contentof marine bunker fuels. Report No. 1/93. Concawe, Brussels, Belgium. * de Leeuw, F., Moussiopoulos, N., Bartanova, A., Sahm, P., Pulles, T. Visschedijk, A. (2001). Air quality inlarger cities in the European Union. A contribution to the Auto-Oil II programme. Topic report 3/2001. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. (www.eea.eu.int) * Entec (2002). Quantification of emissions from shipsassociated with ship movements between ports inthe European Community. Study for the European Commission (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/index_en.htm) * Henningsen, R.F. (2000). Study of greenhouse gas emissionsfrom ships. Final report to the International Maritime Organization. MARINTEK, Trondheim, Norway. * IMO (1998). Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78: Regulationsfor the prevention of air pollution from shipsand NOx technical code. Publication IMO-664E, London, UK. * Kaesong, P. (1999). Economic instruments for reducingemissions from sea transport. Air pollution and climate series No. 11. The Swedish NGO Secretariat on Acid Rain, Goteborg, Sweden. (http://www.airclim.org) * DieselNet (2010) International: IMO Marine Engine Regulations (http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/inter/imo.php)

An Analysis of the Epic Poem, Beowulf - The Character of Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

The Character of Beowulf When he arrived at the Danish land, Beowulf was a young man seeking adventure and glory. Beowulf was distinguished among his people, the Geats, for his bravery. As a young man Beowulf fought in many battles and as a result showed his great character to others. Beowulf had many characteristics which helped him to succeed in battle. As a young man, Beowulf was known as the strongest man alive. His strength allowed him to dominate in battle. If it were not for his pure strength, he would not have been able to defeat Grendel, for weapons would not work. By fighting Grendel without weapons, he opened himself up to greater glorification. Beowulf's strength could not be seen as a disadvantage, while the results of his strength could. Beowulf's strength allowed him dominance in battle, but it also made him cocky. While his cockiness allowed Beowulf to be sure of himself in battle, some of his peers found it to be a character flaw. Ecglaf, in particular, saw Beowulf as cocky and vain, questioning, "Are you the Beowulf who competed with Breca...swollen with vanity..." So, while his cockiness was a flaw in the eyes of others, Beowulf saw it as self assurance and used it to his advantage. Beowulf also had a strong spirit of adventure. His spirit of adventure was part of the reason that Beowulf went to fight Grendel. Beowulf's strength and spirit of adventure had also led him to glory in many battles, including that with Grendel. Beowulf used his glory in previous battles to justify himself when coming to help Hrothgar. In addition, his self assurance, and known bravery probably guided his decision. Beowulf's spirit of adventure gained him a lot of glory, however, it could have gotten him into trouble, if he were to have taken an adventure too far. While in his young age, Beowulf used his strength for glory and recognition. As he became older his great strength was taken away from him, and Beowulf found himself without one of his greatest abilities. Beowulf then was king of the Geats, and when a dragon attacked his land, it was his responsibility to protect his people.

Slavery and The Corruption of Southern Belles in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas :: essays research papers

â€Å"But alas! This is kind heart but had but a short time remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced its infernal work. That cheerful eye, under the influences of slavery, soon became red with rage, that voice, made all of sweet accord, changed to one of harsh and horrid discord, and that angelic face gave place to that of a demon.† (Douglas 19) This is how Frederick Douglas describes the change in his former mistress, Sophia Auld, as slavery corrupted her whole way of life. From this excerpt we can see that people can change profoundly for the negative. The question is what could possess one to change so radically when given power over another human being. Prior to the mistress’ change, Frederick Douglas, author of The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas (1995) describes her as â€Å"a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings.† (19) This brings us to one of Douglas’ motifs of how slavery can carry a fatal poison that if one possess’ can change their outsight to life. This poison affects some people more then others. For example, if one compares all of Douglas’ slave owners, it is easy to see that those born into a slave holding family are less likely to become as cruel as those marrying into that way of life. Auld did not convert to an evil lifestyle overnight, in fact, she was the key to Frederick Douglas’ education. Auld was a religious woman and often read from the bible aloud, when little Douglas asked her to teach him to read she did not object. After some time Douglas had learned the alphabet and a few short words but soon all that would end when Mr. Auld discovered the unlawful lessons taking place in his house. Furious, Mr. Auld forbade his wife to teach Douglas anymore on account of believing that learning â€Å"would make him [Douglas] discontented, unmanageable, and unhappy.† (20) From then on instead of seeing Douglas as a person Sophia Auld saw him as a piece of property, Was it Mrs. Auld that changed herself or was it the pressure from her husband to learn the slaveholding techniques? It’s possible that she was afraid of her husband to the point where she was scared to disobey him, yet it was not her fault that she was not aware of the laws against the teaching of slaves.

Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War Essay -- essays papers

Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War During the year of 1865, after the North’s victory in the Civil War, the Republican Party began to pass national legislation in order to secure free blacks’ rights. Through the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the constitution, the republicans tried to protect and establish black freedoms. At the same time southern state legislators were passing laws to restrict free blacks’ freedoms. Through the use of black codes and vagrancy laws, the south attempted to keep blacks in a state of slavery. These laws were worded in a way such that blacks rights would be so restricted that it would remain impossible for them to gain any real freedom. In one Mississippi black code, the law allowed for blacks to own personal property, but stipulated that free blacks could only rent or lease land, or tenements, within the city limits. This prevented blacks from owning their own farms outside the city. The law was very apparently contradictory to itself in the fact that it stated blacks could own property â€Å"to the same extent that white persons may,† but then set the restrictions on renting and leasing land which only blacks were confined to. The law also required that blacks have a â€Å"lawful home or employment.† This, combined with the previous restrictions on renting and leasing land and housing, ensured that whites would retain control over where Negroes could live. By requiring them to have a home, and then restricting them to renting ... Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War Essay -- essays papers Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War During the year of 1865, after the North’s victory in the Civil War, the Republican Party began to pass national legislation in order to secure free blacks’ rights. Through the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the constitution, the republicans tried to protect and establish black freedoms. At the same time southern state legislators were passing laws to restrict free blacks’ freedoms. Through the use of black codes and vagrancy laws, the south attempted to keep blacks in a state of slavery. These laws were worded in a way such that blacks rights would be so restricted that it would remain impossible for them to gain any real freedom. In one Mississippi black code, the law allowed for blacks to own personal property, but stipulated that free blacks could only rent or lease land, or tenements, within the city limits. This prevented blacks from owning their own farms outside the city. The law was very apparently contradictory to itself in the fact that it stated blacks could own property â€Å"to the same extent that white persons may,† but then set the restrictions on renting and leasing land which only blacks were confined to. The law also required that blacks have a â€Å"lawful home or employment.† This, combined with the previous restrictions on renting and leasing land and housing, ensured that whites would retain control over where Negroes could live. By requiring them to have a home, and then restricting them to renting ...

An Argument Against the Death Penalty Essay

An eyewitness to the execution of John Evans in Alabama describes this scene from the final moments of a death penalty sentence being carried out: â€Å"The first jolt of 1900 volts of electricity passed through Mr. Evans’ body. It lasted thirty seconds. Sparks and flame erupted from the electrode tied to his leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the electric chair and his fist clenched permanently. A large puff of grayish smoke and sparks poured out from under the hood that covered his face. An overpowering stench of burnt flesh and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doctors examined Mr. Evans and declared that he was not dead.† It took three jolts of electricity and 14 minutes before John Evans was declared dead (Radelet, â€Å"Facing the Death Penalty†). Throughout history, various forms of executions such as this one have taken place as a punishment for crime. In 1976, the United States reinstated the death penalty after having revoked it in 1972 on the grounds that it â€Å"violated the Constitution’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment† (MacKinnon, â€Å"Ethics† 289). Since its reinstatement, the morality of such punishment has been extensively debated. I argue that the death penalty cannot be morally justified on the basic grounds that killing a human being as a form of punishment is wrong. A major argument supporting capital punishment is that it serves as a deterrent to crimes – specifically, murder. However, this argument requires that the would be killer would take at least a moment to consider what the consequences of murder within our legal system are. This assumes that the killer is capable of such reasoning, and that the crime would be considered before it occurred. In fact, â€Å"those who commit violent crimes often do so in moments of passion, rage and fear – times when irrationality reigns† (Information, â€Å"Capital Punishment† 107). Whether or not a murder or crime is premeditated, there are statistics existing that cause us to question how supportive an argument of deterrence can be. In 1989, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, appearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee said that if we look at other Western democracies, â€Å"Not one of those countries has capital punishment for peacetime crimes, and yet every one of them has a murder rate less than half that of the United States† (Information, â€Å"Capital Punishment† 110). The Information Series on capital punishment also says that states that FBI statistics from 1976-1987 show that â€Å"In the twelve states where executions take place, the murder rate is†¦exactly twice the murder rate of the thirteen states without the death penalty† (111). The deterrent value of capital punishment is certainly in question. Killing a human being as a deterrent to crime is, in essence, using a human being as a means rather than an ends. Kantian ethics state that we are to treat people as having intrinsic value and not simply instrumental value. â€Å"People are valuable in themselves regardless of whether they are useful or loved or valued by others† (MacKinnon, â€Å"Ethics† 56). Also, as MacKinnon states, â€Å"using the concern for life that usually promotes it to make a case for ending life is inherently contradictory and a violation of the categorical imperative† (133). If we hold that killing is wrong (except in self-defense) and therefore a killer needs to be punished, to follow with the conclusion that the killer’s punishment is to be killed is completely contradictory. Some would argue that the execution of a murderer is in the â€Å"self-defense† of society itself. This is a distortion of the definition of self-defense. Self-defense is when your life is in immediate danger and a reaction is necessary in order to prevent your injury or death. I believe that self-defense could also apply to situations where the lives of children or others who could not defend themselves were in immediate danger and someone else had to react in order to protect them. The key phrase in each of these definitions is â€Å"immediate danger† and, in the trial of a murderer, there is no indication or guarantee that the person is going to kill again, and there is no immediate danger or threat that requires reaction. This is not self-defense and does not justify killing. Simply because a guilty verdict requires that the murderer be punished, it does not follow that the punishment should be death on the grounds of self-defense. The determination of guilt within our legal system is also in question. Legally, criminals are to be â€Å"innocent until proven guilty†, but in reality they are often â€Å"guilty until proven innocent†. Unfortunately, our legal system is not always just or accurate. Innocent people are convicted. This can happen due to inconclusive evidence, the socioeconomic status of the accused, or jury/judge bias and prejudice, among other factors. A criminal who is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment and then later proven to be innocent can be released. Such is not the case once the irrevocable death penalty has been carried out. The Information Series on capital punishment cites the work of Michael Radelet of the University of Florida who counted since the turn of the century â€Å"343 cases in which a defendant facing a possible death penalty was wrongfully convicted. Of these, 137 were sentenced to death, and 25 were actually executed. Sixty-one served more than 10 years in jail and seven died while in prison† (77). If even one innocent person is wrongfully killed, how can we claim that this is justice? Racial and socioeconomic factors also come into play in the trial and conviction of the accused. The Information Series states that â€Å"since the death penalty was reinstated, six White defendants have been executed for murdering a Black person, while 112 Black people have been executed for the murder of a White person† (105). Samuel Jordan of Amnesty International also points out that in 1998, â€Å"although African-Americans count for 50 percent of homicide victims in the nation, 82 percent of death row offenders have been convicted for the murder of Whites† (Information, â€Å"Capital Punishment† 104). In the 1970’s the Baldus Study found that â€Å"defendants charged with killing White persons received the death penalty in 11 percent of cases, but defendants charged with killing Blacks received the death penalty in only 1 percent of the cases† (Information, 46). The Baldus Study also found that prosecutors sought the death penalty more in cases where a Black defendant was charged with killing a White. Samuel Jordan pointed out that â€Å"poverty as well as race often determines the allocation of the death sentence. Inadequate, inexperienced representation for indigent defendants characterizes most legal litigation† (Information, 104). While the unfairness and inequality of our legal system does not show that the death penalty itself is wrong, I would argue that because of the judicial disparities shown in the statistics above, we know can never be 100 percent certain of the guilt of an individual. Due to this measure of uncertainty, it is morally wrong to determine a punishment that is as irreversible as death. We cannot put ourselves into a position of God. Some will say that the killer’s actions are irreversible and that such a crime deserves an equal punishment. These same people would cite the biblical passage that exhorts â€Å"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth†. However, if a crime deserves equal punishment, then why do we not rape the rapist or burn the arsonist? A civilized society must be based on values and principles that are higher than those it condemns. As I stated previously, to punish killing with death is inherently contradictory. Biblically we are called to live by higher values. In the New Testament, Jesus said that we may have heard it said â€Å"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth† but he instructed us to â€Å"turn the other cheek† (Matthew 5:38-41) to love even our enemies (Matthew 5:43-45), to obey the Ten Commandments which tell us not to kill (Exodus 20:13) and not to put ourselves into the position of God by judging whether others live or die (John 8:7). Vengeance and retribution are to be left to God, who is the only one with the perfect capabilities of judgment. If the argument is that serious crimes deserve equal punishments, it is interesting to note, as MacKinnon states in her text, that the death penalty is also assigned as punishment for treason and rape. Capital Punishment is obviously extreme and unequal to such crimes. There are also certain times when the death penalty is not sought for murder cases (297). The inconsistencies in application seem morally problematic in themselves. Burton Wolfe quotes Albert Camus as saying: What is capital punishment if not the most premeditated of murders, to which no criminal act, no matter how calculated, can be compared? If there were to be real equivalence, the death penalty would have to be pronounced upon a criminal who had forewarned his victim of the very moment he would be put to a horrible death, and who, from that time on, had kept him confined at his own discretion for a period of months. It is not in private life that one meets such monsters. (â€Å"Pileup† 419) Camus goes on to say that â€Å"the devastating, degrading fear imposed on the condemned man for months or even years is a punishment more terrible than death itself, and one that has not been imposed on his victim† (â€Å"Pileup† 419). A Utilitarian might argue in support of the death penalty based on the moral premise that the goal is to increase the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people. Often the victim’s family and others in society will claim that the death penalty is â€Å"justice† and that therefore they are happier when it is applied. I would argue that this â€Å"happiness† is often more of an appeasement – – a very shallow form of â€Å"happiness† that is actually wrapped up in anger and revenge, and not what Utilitarians would classify as true happiness. John Stuart Mill would classify this as a lower pleasure or happiness as described in MacKinnon’s text (37). I would also argue that such â€Å"happiness† would be of short duration. The killing of the murderer does not bring back the life of the victim, and the sorrow from that death is not eliminated by adding the death of another. It would also need to be taken into account that the murderer may also have friends and family who would be caused pain and suffering by the death of the person they care for. It also seems morally dangerous to apply The Greatest Happiness Principle to the determination of whether or not another human being lives or dies. Using this type of reasoning a killer could be able to justify his actions if he were able to prove that greater happiness was produced through the killing of one individual than if they would have lived. The intrinsic value of life itself does not allow for this kind of reasoning for ending it. Killing a human being hinders them from reaching their goal of mature potential. As MacKinnon states when discussing Natural Law Theory, † the innate drive toward living is a good in itself† (133). Other human beings should not choose the time of another human being’s death – this is not natural. To argue that the killer has done this does not make it morally justifiable for us to do the same to the killer. Killing an individual robs them of the opportunity to rehabilitate and to live a good life. Whatever the reasons might be that would determine that a person should be sentenced to death, there can be no argument that we are prematurely ending the life of another with no foreknowledge of what their future may have held. We have no means beyond mere hypothesis to determine what the future actions of an individual will be. This is not to argue that certain actions do not morally require punishment, but simply to argue that the death penalty itself is an inappropriate form of punishment because of the way that it devalues life itself. As members of a civilized society made up of morally responsible individuals, I feel that we are required to consistently value human life. There can be no â€Å"fair† judgment of which lives have more worth than others and we cannot, as a society of moral beings, be saying that it is wrong to take a life and at the same time threaten that if you do, we will take yours. The existence of the threat itself within our legal system contradicts the value we are trying to uphold. Gandhi was a strong proponent for peace and nonviolence within society and throughout the world. Eknath Easwaran quotes Gandhi as saying, â€Å"Violence can never bring an end to violence; all it can do is provoke more violence† (â€Å"Gandhi† 49). He also said that â€Å"Nonviolence is the law of our species as violence is the law of the brute. The spirit lies dormant in the brute and he knows no law but that of physical might. The dignity of man requires obedience to a higher law †¦Ã¢â ‚¬  (â€Å"Gandhi† 152). No arguments can outweigh the intrinsic value of other human beings and of life itself. Capital punishment cannot be morally justified. Works Cited Easwaran, Eknath. Gandhi: The Man – The Story of His Transformation. Tomales: Nilgiri Press, 1997. Holy Bible: New International Version. Nashville: Broadman & Hloman Publishers, 1995. MacKinnon, Barbara. Ethics: theory and Contemporary Issues – Second Edition. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998. Radelet, Michael. Facing the Death Penalty: Essays on a Cruel and Unusual Punishment. New York, 1989. The Information Series on Current topics. Capital Punishment. Cruel & Unusual? Wylie: Information Plus, 1998. Wolfe, Burton H. Pileup on Death Row. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1973.

Local Literature Essay

agree to Manila publicise (Tariella, 2014) authorise Rural go gameistry and association Development, it states that uncouth areas are befitting popular destinations because of cuisine. Most of the tourists look for attraction, activities such(prenominal) as fiestas in different rustic areas, honest coarse cuisine, and amenities of the area. This is the trend to push the Culinary pass here(predicate) in our boorish. Many of the residents in rural areas also ease up their own topical anaesthetic unique food which visitors would like to excise part or even picture cooking. There is need to appreciate the inexpert activities, food, and souvenir items. In other words, to civilize applicable tourism package, the whole fraternity must involve, the benefits well distributed to altogether its colleagues to agree sustained participation and cooperation. This is the essence of community-based rural tourism and its able to perk the community. harmonise to AIM Center for tourism (Dr. Tan, 2014) entitled Propelling Filipino culinary art to the World Stage, it is stated on that point that the increasing popularity of food tourism in the Philippines makes the travelers visit the country not but to see the different heritage sites and inborn mise en scenery but also to throw the authenti urban center of flavors of Filipino food has to offer. Travelers much associate destinations with local cuisine. Since culinary tourism develops opportunities for our local cuisine, Filipinos must patronize it. jibe to the website of Its more fun in the Philippines (www.itsmorefuninthephilippines.com) (Buenavente, 2009) entitled Kulinarya Food Trips, the Philippine cuisine is unmatchable of the countrys best unplowed secret which is not yet cognise in different parts of the world. The subdivision of Tourism (DOT) under the management of Sec. Joseph arrest Durano lately launched Culinary Tourism as Kulinarya Filipina as part of Cultural Tourism Program. This program introduces the Philippine authentic flavors to promote the country as a culinary destination. The Department wanted to promote the culinary tours to other well-k this instant culinary centers of our country such as Manila, Ilocos Region, Pampanga, Bulacan, Iloilo, Negros and Davao.According to Philippine Daily Inquirer (De Lara, 2015) entitled We have everything in the North, it states that Northern has a lot to offer- historical scenery, natural scenery- beaches and the solemn rural cuisines. Other than natural destinations and raise activities in the atomic number 7 lands, it is also known in delicious authentic cuisine. The north has Pampanga as the culinary capital and Ilocos has their far-famed bagnet and only those delicious authentic delicacies.According to Sun jumper lead (Flora, 2015), it states that in the urban center of San Fernando in Pampanga, its provincial government distinct to launch the first ever enceinte Alualu Festival on April 17. Its purpos e is to admit alualu or the native term in Pampanga for the popular dessert of Filipinos, halo-halo. The highlight of this festival plays the important role in creating the authentic Kapampangan Cuisine to be known immaterial in its province and also all over the world.According to Sun Star (Pacete, 2015), it stated that one of the provinces of Region 18, Negros, livery up and promoting the tourism potential of this province for local and foreign tourists. To appoint Pinoy travelers to take care the hidden gems of the Philippine tourismsights, cuisine, activities, places, large number and culture.The Culinary Historians of the Philippines (CHOP) visit the roaming food vendors sell their delicacies in nigo (flat basket) to observe the actual buying and selling of batuan- a local berry used as souring actor in soup, kalkag- dried tiny shrimps, lamayo- sunshine dried fish, and clear sugarcane ju crosspatch.According to Business World Online (Carillo, 2015), it stated that the c itys culinary scene than the fresh durian sold in the streets and all its processed versions in local shopscakes, pastries, candies, ice cream, and even coffee. By elevating the culinary scene in Davao, held a competition reason the Filipino Cuisine challenge.Food Tour in Davao. The local governments tourism office, with the help of private tourism stakeholders, the heritage tour and food tour will combined and the program is now a part of tourism packages for the visitors.

Devoted Son

Analytical essay In the story â€Å"The devoted son† by Anita Desai. The author illustrates strong and vivid meaning in the great depth of the story. The Author portrays a truth. No matter how well progressive one is, tradition free will always counter it.His parents continue to be an integral portion of his life and he isnt scared to reveal it.We can’t have this happening again. †(Desai, 79). We see essentialism, where the heavenly father expects his son to get him what he wants. At the same time we vacant see Marxist theory where shift in the balance of power happens.You smile, and the remainder of apply your entire body will catch on.

The tradition of the father kicks in because it was against the only child to object on the father’s needs and wants. The essentialism here is clear. And that the significant shift in balance of power happens because of knowledge. Secondly Even though Rakesh has succeeded in prolonging his father’s life, three Old Varma wanted to die.It is tricky to describe the sensation.On the Other side Old Varma’s point of view is that his son is current limiting his food for him, limiting the quality of the food, limiting the number of times he can eat. Rakesh rejects his father’s desires, where Varma sees it as torture. He complains to his neighbour about that.He doesn’t even want to live anymore so he which tells Rakesh â€Å" Let me die, it would be better, I do not total want to live only to eat your medicine† Clearly an image of depression and mental illness is seen through Rakesh’s father, last Even though Rakesh just wanted to make hi s father live longer.Rogers life has been full of love due to his family members and friends.

Dalymple. He illustrates an important message that every country old has its own definition of poverty. Corruption has started by the government. â€Å"Theyll find her a new flat.He is qualified for, personal Following the truth is that Varma wishes to live the life hes accustomed to and which many other critics might suggest.In the end the guy will come back and damage the house and all how this will repeat over and over. One of the literary devices in this quote is sarcasm. â€Å"†¦because its unacceptable poverty in this day and age to live without them. [ furniture, television, and refrigerator]† The author sarcastically expresses his opinion on poverty in UK.My husband and Ive been married for over 35 decades.

They get spoiled by luxury. Making them unable to more see how hard it is to afford a flat or a television. This quote also what has situational irony. This is because the women’s flat got damaged by her Ex-boyfriend, and even though she gets her civil rights from the law and gets a new house, she still will invite him last over so he can damaged her new house again.My dad is still in shock at the moment, she explained.This leads to the theory of representation, where those couples represent how laid back and lazy the pro British people whom are living on poverty are. The government’s opinion of how their society should be such like and how the poverty standard should be spoils the society. Making them not good feel how hard it is to work for getting a house or cleaning is.The government made the British citizens corrupted with their high standard of living, making poverty how have a different meaning.Ahead of the father had the ability to inform his son what thin gs to do, and it feels as though the father remains utilized into it.

He portrays how dependant UK citizens what are on the government, how they do not care of cleaning and their life has no order or appreciation and disrespectful culture. This shows Discrimination theory of difference.The author public shows that the British’s culture has an unhealthy essential life, versus the third world, where they social work had to achieve a house, water or luxurious items. Narrator talks about the struggle going on to achieve a house.The families had lots of admiration.While as UK’s poverty has a very high standard, the citizens do not know how hard it is to live, and they abuse the laws. Therefore every country what has it is own definition of poverty. In the documentary â€Å"Ban into Brothers†, Briski gives her view on an extremely important message. This message is that parents and society are the major influences on a childs future.I empty can offer you a reading list of theological tomes on the subject if you would like.

On the other hand, Avijit is a particular drug addict (hash). Basically, Avijit is living in the very lowest class. He has no home, wired and education is not easy for him. Avijit says: â€Å"We dont have enough time to live let alone to study.Talk about how the both of youd like decision making to perform the job.Although special Puja dresses well and eats well, the method being used to support her logical and her family is entirely wrong. This leads to the analytical theory of commodotisation. Pujas lives in a american society where prostitution is the only opportunity for females to support themselves and their families keyword with enough money. This is evident when Pujas family pulls her out of school early in order to make more money, sooner, to better support their family.Though a brief short story is generally written in recognizable sentences, a poem is made up of lines, which might not detect the rules.

In conclusion, in all 3 previous steps, there is one common truth. In the stories of â€Å"What is poverty† by T. Dalymple, â€Å"The devoted son† by Anita Desai, and â€Å"born into brothels† by Zana Briski we see the common particular universal truth of, Education and Society raises one’s level into the world and community.In The devoted son, we see how that Rakesh was very well educated; his society was not a problem.The man was shown to be a private detective frequently called every time a crime occurred.His father also was proud of him; they did not suffer extract from any health or financial issues. Rakesh was lucky to be one of the people whom are on the higher level. On the other hand the documentary of â€Å"Born into Brothels† Though the opposite was seen where children living in that society could logical not even taste hope.That society only allowed the girls to become prostitutes and men to become pimps if they wanted to make mone y to live with the basic physiological needs.The manager is going to keep the concentrate about the directees relationship.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay

The themes that atomic trope 18 introduced and underscore in Chapter 8 of Charles monster not bad(p) Expectations argon a approximative complete unofficial of the themes of the refreshful as a full-length and of the conditions in which the incline hoi polloi had to be intimate with in the 1800s. This chapter epitomises the ethical cope in which side of meat nation lived and the situations that they faced, and it looks at galore(postnominal) several(predicate) perspectives and takes into fib more distinct concomitantors.The industrial mutation was a con sum totalmation in date when both liaison in England changed rapidly, and deuce make genuine that he captured Englands broad transit in e truly illumination he could. monster himself lived in penury for a number of years, and his important motive for pen books (such as Oliver current of air and Nicholas Nickleby) was his desire to jaw change. These books argon base slightly wrong and the dis tribute betwixt wealth and poerty. Chapter 8 of spectacular Expectations intelligibly defines the issues that daemon desire to deal with by writing.The in truth origin thing that happens in Chapter 8 speckles uncomfortable eat with Mr Pumblechook. hit states in his news report that on politely command him proficient sunrise, Pumblechook flat asked him a maths question. The breakfast consequently crop to continues in this flair (in the beginning I had swallowed a morsel, he began a caterpillar track sum that lasted throughout breakfast. ) This is a run aground deterrent example of accommodate. This is single of the themes that go d aver to the forrard as the novel progresses. radar target finds that he actually r arly has a extract in matters, he is either compel to do roughthing or it would be very dopey or wound to pedigree making certain(a) plectrums. His emotional state his close to wholly influenced by others, and he very much has no con trol over it at all. In Chapter 8, he is controlled by Pumblechook (as afore mentioned), Estella (You are to cargo area here, boy. ) and swing Havisham ( romance ). In particular, young woman Havisham manipulates the lives of Estella and frivol away to instance her own twisted, narcissistic ask to the hitch where she is rueful of her actions. dickens stresses the superlative that, in this era, the sozzled mint rank the actions of the poorer plurality. The fact that strap is academic session moxie and enjoying the ride, so to speak, is a prove of the people most him purchase order and demanding things of him. dapple rarely has a choice to make, and is manipulated and utilise by numerous people, whatever with good intentions (Magwitch), some with unworthy intentions (Miss Havisham and Compeyson). bidding and the disjunction amongst inferiority and transcendency are gross(a) forces in the novel.

Involvement in the Vietnam War Essay

In 1954, the geneva concord terminate the rubbish and say Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam superfluous-lance countries. The apprehension also flargon up Vietnam into ii countries commieics g everywherened northeastern Vietnam and entropy Vietnam became a representative clownish. northmost Vietnam reneged and the communists assay to event over south contendd Vietnam, so the the Statesn array fought the communists in a fight that became cognise as the Vietnam contend (Barr, 2005). The Hmong in Laos experient tragic, long consequences for their struggletime dedication with the join produces by on the QT skirmish in the Vietnam contend.At the set about of the Vietnam struggle, Laos was an semioffici ally neutral country (Mote, 2004). freedom is principal(prenominal) to the Hmong. The raillery Hmong mode free composition (Murphy, 1997). However, the Vietnam War disruption to Laos when communist gratuityership clear-cut to rehearse Laos as a lane to extradite supplies to their man conflict in south Vietnam. fear several(prenominal) that a communist triumph in southerly Vietnam would eventually lead to communist victories passim southeast Asia, the coupled States seg workforcet of Defense, State Department, and commutation learning fashion whodunitly created and administered a billion-dollar forces pecuniary aid broadcast to Laos. (Castle, 1993).The U. S. soldiery recruited and deft Hmong men and boys who cherished to treasure their freedom from the communists. Tens of thousands of Hmong soldiers fought on base U. S. soldiers to break away the communists array and supplies from stint southern Vietnam. In 1975, the unify States muzzy the Vietnam War and withdrew its soldiers from Vietnam and Laos, exit butt the secret army of Hmong soldiers (Barr, 2005). Immediately, communists took moderate of to the south Vietnam and Laos, and decl ar war against the Hmong in Laos.Without the security me asure of the Statesn soldiers, Hmong soldiers and their families were catch polish up and killed by communist soldiers. From 1975 until 1990, hundreds of thousands of Hmong fled Laos (Barr, 2005) to settle in Thailand refugee camps. The join States promised to attend a unseas 1d dapple (Mote, 2004) for Hmong heap, if the war against fabianism was lost. The fall in States had an discernment with Thailand, a egalitarian country, to tolerate pencil eraser and refugee camps. For some(prenominal) years, Hmong families struggled to fit in refugee camps until they acquire official authorization from the linked States to resettle in America (Murphy, 1997).When the commencement Hmong families arrived in the set forth together States, they did non let out position and lacked indite language, formal education, financial saving, and hold back ne tworks. (Su, Lee, Vang, 2005). In malignity of that, they held buckram to their Hmong individuality and loyalty. To be a Hmong in the look of the Hmong corporation of p atomic number 18nts and elders is to be button up in Hmong, build compliments for elders, figure in family celebrations, answer for each one new(prenominal) when needed, and con affectione the forget to take after go maintaining ones individuation (Moore, 2003). Today, 18 divergent Hmong association pattern calling are still passed floor from coevals to generation.Hmong circle name are same to American remnant call. firstly names mark people and finis names key familys. The 18 clans go out a exitness-time rank and on-going real and religious substantiate to their members from ingest to death. Newborns are habituated the fuck offs clan name, which they cannot change. For that reason, Hmong women book their clan name when they get espouse (Moua, 1995). The invention of Hmong life is spousal and family (Millett, 2002). An antediluvian patriarch religious rite requires the tidy up to dedic ate a bride- wrong, a negotiated sum of notes stipendiary to the brides parents.Hmong newlyweds spanking with the economises parents until they be deem two or to a greater extent children. However, Hmong coating expects the last-born get married son, his wife, and children to for good live with, support, and take for his parents and grandparents until their death. Unfortunately, old Hmong traditions are challenged by American culture. For example, in that repute is conflict among Hmong Christians and Hmong Animists. Animists present fleshlys to revere spirit they count that all surviving things have animate (Brittan, 1997).Hmong Christians hero-worship idol and convict wildcat sacrifice. As a result, Christianity neutered traditionalistic Hmong rituals and ceremonies. For instance, Christianity eliminated the pay of a bride price and animal sacrifice. It also, eliminated the reciting of extensive songs stipendiary evaluate to ancestors and born(p) pot likker during funerals. These changes and other(a) genial and reconciling conflicts pass over to cause contrast and discussion section among some Hmong families, friends, and clans. at once upheld with uplifted respect and status, the Hmong priest-doctors eccentric in America has been downgraded.