Essay on Nvq Level 2 Assignment 20 - 647 Words

2 Hannah Hodges Assignment 202 Principles of personal Development Task A Ai) – Data Protection Act Freedom of information Aii) – Human Rights act 1998 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Aiii) – Health and Safety Act Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Aiv) – Care standards act 2000 Code of Practice Av) – Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 Policy and procedures Avi) A PDP is a Personal Development Plan and is developed between you and your manager. Your manager will record information about your learning and development needs in work. It should include things like targets, agreed objectives and activities to meet them and standards that are required. All of this is built into†¦show more content†¦Bii) It is important to reflect on your work activities so that you gain self awareness and so you can do your as well as possible. It helps you to become more aware of how your actions come across to other people, your actions will have a positive or negative affect. For example, if you have to speak a bit louder so that someone hard of hearing can hear you then you need to make sure your facial expression is friendly, otherwise you may come across as aggressive. Hannah Hodges Task C Ci) | | | |Description of Experience |How the experience improved my knowledge, skills and | | |understanding | | | | |I attended staff training session for Parkinsons |I now have a much better insight into the condition, and | | |possible ways of helping an individual with parkinsons. For |Show MoreRelatedQuality Assurance and Quality Improvement in Education1643 Words   |  7 PagesQuality Assurance and Quality Improvement Introduction: In this assignment I am going to analyse the quality assurance and quality improvement framework and procedures on my teaching programme. The efforts to improve quality in education are very important and in recent years have received increasing attention. 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Essay about Constitutional Republic - 784 Words

Constitutional Republic Between 1787 and 1791 the Framers of the US Constitution established a system of government upon principles that had been discussed and partially implemented in many countries over the course of several centuries, but never before in such a pure and complete design, which we call a constitutional republic. Since then, the design has often been imitated, but important principles have often been ignored in those imitations, with the result that their governments fall short of being true republics or truly constitutional. The Framers of the Constitution tried very hard to design a system that would not allow any one person or group within the government to gain too much power. Personally, I think they†¦show more content†¦If the President is suspected of unlawful acts, he can be impeached, or tried by the Senate for misusing his power. The Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments. If he is found guilty, he can be punished but his sentence can be no more than being thrown out of office and being forbidden to hold any government office. Furthermore, if the President wants to spend money, his request must pass through Congress, since it has control over spending. Lastly, Congress can re-pass a bill that was vetoed by the President. Congress also has checks and balances against itself. The President can veto a bill from Congress, and although Congress can override a veto, obtaining a two-thirds vote to do so is very difficult. Public speeches by the President may also concern the public with an issue, putting pressure on Congress to act upon it. The Judicial branch exerts control over the other two by deciding whether or not actions made by the President or Congress, i.e., laws are constitutional. The limitations on and difficulties of passing laws are very, very important. The split legislature creates a more complicated maze through which laws must find their way before being passed. First, a law must be introduced in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, the former having sole power to introduce laws concerning revenue. After the law is introduced, it must be approved by the other house, who may agree with, amend, or discard the law. OnceShow MoreRelatedThe Decrayal Consequences Of The Republics And Constitutional Reforms888 Words   |  4 Pagescomprehensive gridlock. Under the 1974 constitution each of the republics, including the areas, namely Kosovo and Vojvodina, which were normally considered peripheral, were given veto power. Beyond causing an upset with Serbia, the veto power that each republic now had, made any substitutive state reform virtually impossible. This is because the republics had differing demographic and economic makeups, which influenced the individual republics to have vastly different idealized versions of what a YugoslavianRead MoreSouth African Constitutional Court Of The Republic Of South Africa2376 Words   |  10 Pagesincapable of legal enforcement. The argument th at socio economic rights cannot be judicially implemented because to define these rights may prove difficult arguably is fallacious. In this essay I will use selected cases by the South African Constitutional Court of the Republic of South Africa demonstrate that judicial enforcement of socio economic rights may not benefit the vulnerable in society as much as it appears to. In order to identify its success (or failure), we must first establish what is meantRead MoreAustrali A Constitutional Monarchy And The United States Is A Democratic Republic2320 Words   |  10 PagesAustralia is a constitutional monarchy and the United States is a democratic republic. 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Although theyRead MoreThe Cases Of Olga Tellis V. Bombay Municipal Corporation And Republic Of South Africa1165 Words   |  5 Pages The cases of Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation and Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom both dealt with the issue of socio-economic rights and their enforceability by the courts. Olga Tellis saw the affirmation of a right t o livelihood as part of a broader right to life. While Grootboom saw the Court strongly rebuke the government by ruling that it had not been meeting its section 26 (2), specifically because no strategy was being implemented to aid those in desperate need of housing

A heart, a life, a cure Free Essays

What causes heart problems? Young and old people alike have been keen on the effects of heart problems mostly leading to stroke, disability of immobility, even death. We know of the heart as a concept of biological lifeworks affecting the brain, blood flow and other functions of human overall body system. The context of the heart continuously contracting, pumping and relaxing warrants constant supply of oxygen carrying blood and nutrients. We will write a custom essay sample on A heart, a life, a cure or any similar topic only for you Order Now The presence of cholesterol plaque which was found to accumulate through the years will successfully block the flow in the coronary artery. This is turn will deprive the heart of its vital requirement. Lately people have realized the importance of looking to the effects of high cholesterol and diet but it seems not to work on a lot of adults anymore. Are we coming in to the theory of starting life, in its literal meaning, at a very early age of pre teens like the age of ten to twelve? Finding difficulties in controlling the disease implies human intelligence inability to create appropriate interventions. This paper seeks to recommend early age intervention as appropriate part solution at a macro level of the problem. Let’s take a look with the cause of heart system failures. Cholesterol plaque is seen to be increased by smoking, fatty foods, inactivity, high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. The five causes are notably common and are expected to affect people in as early as the age of thirty. Cholesterol build up may not be detected immediately since it is slow and accumulates over years. Cholesterol plaque grows and merged with other cholesterol plaques that has infiltrated through the walls of the artery through the years. Plaque rupture and heart attacks structural damage are irreversible and shall be noted and understood by every human being on this planet. Smoking reflects social habits, social classification, and produces layers of platelets that progresses to thrombosis or blood clots resulting to rapid increase of heart rate (Schneider 2006). High blood pressure is the common product of stress generated psychosocial factors of anger, hostility, depression, work overload, and anxiety. Cholesterol rich diet more in saturated fat increases cholesterol levels. Dissecting each of the causes and realizing the effects on controlling over intake in an adult will make us understand that doctors may just be generating prescriptions to extend life and sustain the heart but not intervention. Intervention in an adult stage where cholesterol plaques were already accumulated and have been affecting heart beats is a matter of superficial medical practice. Analysis will show that man as intelligent as he is cannot prevent the onset of cholesterol deposits which immaturity and childhood practices of more saturated fats intake have been made a fad for children and youth. Diet and practices before teens are simply irresistible and uncontrollable where parents commonly regard it as an approved or agreeable food habits. In the life of a person, please take note where you eat most of the don’ts and you will see that it is in the pre teens. This is the age where cholesterol intake interventions shall be properly managed and controlled. The psychosocial conditions of stress and smoking in both adult and young people are always present no matter how hard the government seeks to control economics and environment. The heart disease effect is one sure thing which a general prescription to sustain blood flow can be generated to extend life but the attempt to make interventions on the psychosocial factors of stress and smoking points to a lot of relevant network of sub problems and headaches. Everything refers to a change in the menu, availability of the food, corresponding budget, and a whole lot of factors covering human interaction and stress. Research has not even started to perfect the failing conditions of family life and failing government strategies. These are the contributing factors of mankind’s failure to decrease heart illness death rates. The only option available is treatment of emergencies and prolonging life. That is our reality and it still is not changing. How to cite A heart, a life, a cure, Papers

Child Labor and Academic Performance Essay Example For Students

Child Labor and Academic Performance Essay Chapter I The Problem and Its Background A. Background of the Study Child labour is a worldwide problem regardless of the economic status of a country. This social phenomenon continues to exist both in developed and developing countries. The Philippines as one of Newly Industrializing Countries, also encounters the same (C. Diaz, personal communication, December 7, 2009). Child labour is rampant in this country due to poverty. It deprives basic right to education and health (Philippine Star, 1993). Many child labourers are forced to stop schooling due to the necessity of contributing to family’s income. Child labour with its goal to respond immediately to the basic need of the household, deprives the child of the time to focus on schooling. The health condition of the child labourers is also affected due to the exposure of children to chemicals which are mostly hazardous to their health. The time spent in working contributes also to the health of the children. More than eight hours of working is not suitable to the age of the children. It has also many effects in the development of the country as a whole. An increase in child labour frequently causes a decline in acquiring of human capital (Basu as cited by David Undyaundye, 2009). Basu explained further if a child is employed all through the day, it is likely that the child will remain uneducated and have low productivity as an adult. If a child works more his productivity as an adult falls because child labour diminishes adult productivity (Pigou, 1920). Majority of our population comprises those who are tolerating child labour (Navidad, 2002). The existence of house helpers who are below 18 years old shows that some Filipinos tolerate child labour. One aspect of development is education. They cannot deny the fact that education in our country is also affected by poverty. There are many children who stopped from schooling due to financial incapacity in complying to school requirements. The desire also of employers to save labour cost perpetuates child labour (Manila Chronicle, 1990). Most of the children who are engaging in child labour are drop-outs due to poverty that have driven them to work for wages that would contribute to family’s income (Focus Phil. 1984). The Philippines has a free public education from pre-school to grade six (Sakellariou, 2004) but only 88 percent of children under-12 age group and 83 percent of children in the 6-17 age group were enrolled in 1999 (1999 Annual Poverty Incidence Survey as cited in the paper of Sakellariou). The schooling of these children was affected in a way that they eventually stopped from schooling. There are one million four hundred sixty eight thousand nine hundred ninety eight (1,468,000) children who are working during vacation. One million six hundred eight thousand two hundred sixty eight (1,680,068) are elementary undergraduates (Philippine National statistics Office October 2001 as cited in Labor Participation of Children among Banana Growers, 2003). In Region XI, there are one hundred sixty six thousand one hundred forty three (166,143) child labourers as of 2003 (Diel Lopez, 2003). Child labour as one of the consequences of poverty and socio-economic problems is inevitable. There is a need to awaken the parents of child labourers and the society as a whole on the danger of not educating the children. Uneducated children will become liabilities instead of assets in our society. Poverty condition will be extreme due to jobless sector of the society which is mostly composed of unschooled individuals. For a parent not to educate the child is a breach of duty not only toward the child but also toward the members of the community generally, who are all liable to suffer seriously from the consequences of ignorance and want of education in their fellow citizens (Mill, 1970). Children should be protected from over work and working beyond their capacity. B. Conceptual framework C. Statement of the Problem How does child labour affect the academic performance of child labourers in Barangay Ilang, Davao City? D. Hypothesis Child labour decreases the academic performance of child labourers working in Ilang, Davao City. E. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study will only focus on the effects of child labour to the academic performance of children aged 7-15 years old in Barangay Ilang, Davao City. These children were enrolled for the school year 2009-2010. Teachers who may have noticed the changes in the academic performance of child laborers are alo included. The grades will be the basis of academic performance. General average in school year 2009-2010 will be used to measure the academic performance. F. Significance of the Study This study is an attempt to know the situation of child labourers, aged 7-15 years old who are working in Barangay Ilang, Davao City and the problems that they may encounter in their schooling due to their work. In presenting peculiar circumstances surrounding their academic performance particularly their involvement in child labour, this paper aims to prompt government agencies and non-government organizations concerned to work on providing a comprehensive program that will gradually put an end to their child labour and if not, to provide mechanisms to ensure that working children attain their potential academically. This study will serve as a source of data for further research on the condition of academic performance of child labourers; the information to be gathered from the study will provide insights into crafting appropriate government legislations that will address the protection of children’s rights in relation to better education. G. Definition of Terms Child labour refers to the children 7-15 years of age who are working voluntarily and involuntarily in exchange for money Voluntary labour refers to the work which is done deliberately by the child labourers. Deliberate implies full consciousness of the child labourers towards the nature of the activity and its consequences. Child labourers are working voluntarily are free from compulsion of parents and other individuals. Involuntary labour refers to the work done in exchange for money through compulsion of external forces such as dictate of parents and other individuals. Academic performance refers to the attendance, participation of the child labourers in school which is measurable by grades. Social Class refers to the economic status of the participants in this study which is measurable by their daily earnings. Socio-demographic profile refers to location, age, sex distribution, parents educational attainment, occupation, income, family size, number of members working in the family, educational status and attainment, and who pays for the tuition. Chapter II Review of Related Literature A quarter of the world’s children (410 million) live in South Asia (Child Workers in Asia, 1994). These children continually experience problems with their health, nutrition, and education. They are also exposed to abuse, violence and environmental hazards, their assumption of responsibilities from their parents at their young age. They are also exposed to child labour and sexual exploitation. These problems are challenges that were encountered in the past but solution is still to be figured out. Child labour in South Asia exists in different forms (Costs and Rewards of Child Labor in Sasa Wharf, Davao City, 1999). The vast agricultural lands in South Asia and their dependence to agriculture as source of income influence the rampant child labour. Many families consider the children as wealth of the family in agricultural communities. Child labour also exists in the informal sector, domestic service, and industrial and service sector. Nevertheless, all countries in South Asia region have enacted legislations against child labour. In the Philippines, child labour is also a problem. According to National Statistics Office Director, Agnes Tecson, there are about 3. 7 million child labourers in the Philippines. More than 2. 5 million are classified as â€Å"unpaid workers† in their own family-operated businesses. While some 900,000 child labourers work in private establishments, while more than 350,000 are household helps 270,000 are self-employed. Two-third of this population is in vending, household helping and shoe shining. About 3. million nationwide are forced to work for survival and 250 million worldwide. Of this number are in hazardous work. They cope with noxious fumes, machinery that can crush them, unhealthy noise levels, and the prospect of drowning. Many of them are invisible behind factory walls and prostitution dens. There are even cases of kid workers who are four years old (Child Labor in Digos City: A Baseline Study, 2002). In the study conducted by Ateneo de Davao University (Fernandez Manapol as cited in paper of Navidad, 2002), it was pointed out that the children, especially those at Sasa Wharf, Davao City and Makar Wharf, Gen. Martin luther kings i have a dream speech EssayWhatever is created through this free purposive activity is both an expression of our human nature and a transformation of it (Ritzer, 2008). In present condition of society, the theory of Karl Marx is useful in explaining the phenomenon of exploitation. There is a great inequity in our society. Human being is now alienated from the work. Production based on the internal mechanism is endangered by individuals who have a great capital or money. Labour becomes a means in achieving the desired end which is no other than, money. In being money oriented, labour is no longer a free purposive activity. In the society, there are many workers who own little but produce great commodities in exchange of money for few individuals who have great capital. These capitalists own a lot such as commodities, means of producing commodities, and the labour time of the workers, which they purchase through the wages. Child labour is one of the existing inequities in our society. The exercise of power is also the process of exploiting workers. Individuals who own big companies inevitably exploit those who do not have money. Owners of big companies exploit whether they want or in order to compete with other owners. Given with this social condition, individuals form class based on the common conflict with others. There is an inherent conflict of interest between those who hire wage labourers and those who labour. This inherent conflict produces classes (Ollman as cited in Sociological theory, 2008). Child labourers are existing reflection of class conflict in our society. Even their education is deprived due to inequitable distribution of resources. They are the children of parents who do not have stable source of income. Social class and educational chances There is a link between social class and education. The work of psychologist of education in the 1930s and 1940s in trying to relate intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, to social class set the scene for later work by sociologist on the theme of the ‘wastage of talent† (Harber Meighan, 2007). According to sociologists and psychologists equality of educational opportunity was not in evidence, since many working class children with high intelligence were either not reaching grammar school or underachieving if they get there. The higher the social class, the greater the chance of achieving educational qualifications. Male children of professional and managerial parents (Social class I) are the most likely to obtain degrees (Reid (1986) as cited in A sociology of educating, 2007). The children of unskilled manual parents (Social class IV) are four per cent obtaining degrees and sixty per cent achieving no qualifications. Mackinson on other hand, argues that the tendency for middle class children to do better in education than working class is only a beginning. For him, educational success is correlated with social class, but that it is caused by social class is a proposition that raises difficulties. Educational success can be correlated also to children’s intelligence as measured by IQ tests, and parental attitudes. Chapter III Research Method and Procedure In this chapter, the researcher present the different methods that will be employed in this study including the research method, locale of the study, unit of analysis, population and sampling procedures, variables and measures, instruments and statistical treatment of the data. A. Research Method This study will use ‘between-method triangulation’ or across-method triangulation involves combining and utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods in studying the effects of child labour to the academic performance of child labourers. Qualitative method will be use in explaining the effects of labor on the academic performance of the child labourers while quantitative method will be utilized by the researcher in knowing to what extent that their academic performance was affected by child labour. This research method is suitable in understanding the phenomenon of child labor and how it affects grades of children who are working. B. Locale of the Study This study will be conducted in a community-based setting, specifically in Barangay Ilang, Davao City. C. Unit of Analysis The researcher identified the children who are working in Barangay Ilang, Davao City as unit of analysis. The children are being identified through the help of Florie May Tacang of Kaugmaon Center for Children’s Concerns. These children are varies in ages 7-12 years old, gender with their male and female, educational background and the social classes of participant, such as lower or middle classes. These children are just working but not residing in the said community. D. Sampling Procedure The researcher in this study identified the participants using Sloven’s formula (n = N / (1 + Ne) with the margin of error 0. 02. Purposive or judgmental sampling was utilized in choosing the sample size. The units to be observed are selected on the basis of the researcher’s judgment about which one will be the most useful or representative of population. E. Instruments The researcher observed ethical standards in conducting this study. Researcher designed survey questionnaire for the respondents detailing of the effects of child labour in the academic performance of child labourers. The researcher was able to construct questionnaire which was checked by the teacher in research. The researcher constructed closed ended questions in order to get the corresponding answer to the questions. The academic performance of the child labourers will be measured through their general average for school year 2009-2010. Focus group discussion will conducted on the period of data gathering in order to support the information taken from the survey questionnaire. F. Statistical Treatment of Data The researcher is planning to use correlation Pearson correlation. Two variables are measured on at least interval scales, and it determines the extent to which values of the two variables are proportional to each other. This statistical tool will enable the researcher to figure out the relationship of child labour on the academic performance of child labourers in Barangay Ilang, Davao City. This tool guarantees high level of reliability on the data that will be analyzed by the researcher. Child labour will be measured by the number of hours spend on work while academic performance, by grades. Bibliography Basu, M. , (1998). Child Labour: Causes, consequences and cure with remarks on international David, U. ,Undyaundye, F. (2009). Child labour in Nigeria: causes and consequences for national development. Retrived from Social Science Research Network. (SSRN id 1514460) Labour Standards. Economic Journal New York. Dacalus, S. , Dasalia, G. , Mamontuan, K. ,(1991). Costs and rewards of child labor in Sasa wharf, Davao City. Diel, H. C. ,Lopez G. (2003). Labor participation of children among banana growers(Undergraduate dissertation, Ateneo de Davao University,2003). Harber, C. , Meighan, R. , (2007). A sociology of education Jara,(1984) Maximiano, J B. (2007), Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Challenging Child Labor,18, 123-125. Maximiano, J B. (2007), Global Business ethics for Filipinos in the new millenium . Challenging Child Labor, 166. Mill, J. J. (1970) Principles of Political Economy: Penguin Harmondsworth U. K. Navidad, F M. (2002), Child labor in Digos City: a baseline study O’Donnell, D. 1996), Children are people too. Child labor, article 28, 120-121. Pigou, A. C. (1920) The Economics of Welfare: Macmillan London. Ritzer, G. (2008), Sociological Theory. McGraw-Hill. N. Y. Sakellariou, C. (2004). Child labor and schooling in the Philippines. Retrieved from http:www. childprotection. org. ph (date accessed) (1984, April 21). Working children,a common sight in 3rd world . Focus Philippines. vol. 12 (22):6-7. (1990, November 24). Understanding poverty. Manila Chronicle. P. 7 sec. 2. (1993, July 2). Poverty. Philippine Star, pp. 1, 10. Child Workers in Asia. (1994)

Week Solutions Essay Example

Week Solutions Paper Managers often increase dividends temporarily when earnings are unexpectedly high for a year or two. False. Dividends are smoothed. Managers rarely increase regular dividends temporarily. They may pay a special dividend, however, d. Companies undertaking substantial share repurchases usually finance them with a offsetting reduction in cash dividends. False. Dividends are rarely cut when repurchases are being made. 17. Dividends and value Little Oil has outstanding 1 million shares with a total market value Of $20 million. The firm is expected to pay $1 million Of dividends next year, and thereafter the amount paid out is expected to grow by 5% a year n perpetuity. Thus the expected dividend is $1. 05 million in year 2, $1. 105 million in year 3, and so on. However, the company has heard that the value of a share depends on the flow of dividends, and therefore it announces that next years dividend will be increased to $2 million and that the extra cash will be raised immediately by an issue of shares. After that, the total amount paid out each year will be as previously forecasted, that is, $1. 5 million in year 2 and increasing by 5% in each subsequent year. A. At what price will the new shares be issued in year 1? At t -O each share is worth $20. This value is based on the expected stream of dividends: $1 at t I, and increasing by in each subsequent year _ Thus, we can find the appropriate discount rate for this company as follows: 100% Beginning at t = 2, each share in the company Will enjoy a perpetual stream Of growing dividends: SSL . 05 at t = 2, and increasing by 5% in each subsequent year. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Week Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Week Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, the total value of the shares ATT= 1 (after the t = 1 dividend is paid and after N new shares have been issued) is given by: If Pl is the price per share ATT = 1, then: and: Pl a N = From the first equation: Substituting from the second equation: so that Pl = 520. 00. B. How many shares will the firm need to issue? With Pl equal to $20 the firm will need to sell 50,000 new shares to raise c. What will be the expected dividend payments on these new shares, and what therefore will be paid out to the old shareholders after year 1? The expected dividends paid at t 2 are $1 increasing by 5% in each subsequent year. With shares outstanding, dividends per share are: $1 ATT = 2, increasing by in each subsequent year. Thus, total dividends paid o old shareholders are: $1 at t 2, increasing by in each subsequent year. D. Show that the present value of the cash flows to current shareholders remains 520 million, Poor the current shareholders: 21. Dividends vs.. Repurchases Here are key financial data for House of Herring, Earnings per share for 2015 55. Number of shares outstanding mm Target payout ratio Planned dividend per share SO. 75 Stock price, year-end 2015 $130 House of Herring plans to pay the entire dividend early in January 2019. All corporate and personal taxes were repealed in 2017. A. Other things equal, what will be House of Herrings stock price after the planned dividend payout? $130 2. 75 = $127. 25. B. Suppose the company cancels the dividend and announces that it will use the money saved to repurchase shares. What happens to the stock price on the announcement date? Assume that investors learn nothing about the companys prospects from the announcement. HOW many shares Will need to be repurchased? Again, assuming investors learn nothing from the announcement about the House Of Herrings prospects. Nothing. The stock price will stay at $130. 46,154 shares will be repurchased. C. Suppose the company increase dividends to $5. 50 per share and then issues new shares to recoup the extra cash paid out as dividends. What happens to the with- and ex-dividend share prices? How many shares will need to be issued Again, assume investors learn nothing from the announcement about House of Herrings prospects, The with-dividend price stays at 5130. Ex-dividend drops to 5124. 50; 883,534 shares will be issued. 25. Payout and the cost of capital Comment briefly on each of the following statements: a. Unlike American firms, which are always being pressured by their shareholders to increase dividends, Japanese companies pay out a much smaller proportion of earnings and so enjoy a lower cost of capital, This statement implicitly equates the cost of equity capital with the stocks dividend yield. If this were true, companies that pay no dividend would have a zero cost Of equity capital, Which is clearly not correct. B. Unlike new capital, Which needs a stream Of new dividends to service it, retained earnings have zero cost. One way to think of retained earnings is that, from an economic standpoint, the many earns money on behalf of the shareholders, who then immediately reinvest the earnings in the company. Thus, retained earnings do not represent free capital. Retained earnings carry the full cost of equity capital (although issue costs associated with raising new equity capital are avoided). C. If a company repurchases stock instead of paying a dividend, the number of shares tails and earnings per share rise. Thus stock repurchase must be always be preferred to paying dividends. Fifth tax on capital gains is less than that on dividends, the conclusion of this statement is correct; i. . , a stock repurchase is always preferred over dividends. This conclusion, however, is strictly because of taxes, Earnings per share is irrelevant. 7. Repurchases and PEPS Many companies use stock repurchases to increase earnings per share. For example, suppose that a company is in the following position: Net profit $10 million Number Of shares before repurchase I million Earnings per share $10 Price-earnings ratio Share price $200 The company now repurchases 200,000 shares at $200 a share, The number of shares declines to 800,000 shares and earnings per share increase to $12. 0. Assuming the price-earnings ratio stays at 20, the share price must rise to SO. Discuss. One problem with this analysis is that it assumes the companys net profit remains constant even though the asset base of the company shrinks by 20%. That is, in order to raise the cash necessary to repurchase the shares, the company must sell assets. If the assets sold are representative of the company as a whole, we would expect net profit to decrease by so that earnings per share and the PIE ratio remain the same. After the repurchase, the company will look like this next year: Net Profit: $8 million Number of Shares: 0. Million Earnings per Share: Price-Earnings Ratio: Share Price: 3200 28, Dividends and taxes The middle-of-the-road party holds that dividend policy doesnt matter because the supply of high-, medium-. And low-payout stocks has already adjusted to satisfy investors demands, Investors who like generous dividends hold stocks that give them all the dividends that they want. Investors vivo want capital gains see ample low-payout stocks to choose from Thus, high-payout firms cannot gain by transforming to low-payout firms, or vice versa. Suppose the government reduces the tax rate on dividends but not on capital gains. Suppose that before this change the supply of dividends matched investor needs. HOW would you expect the tax change to affect the total cash dividends paid by U. S. Corporations and the proportion of high- versus low-payout companies? Would dividend policy still be irrelevant after any dividend supply adjustments are completed? Explain. Even if the middle-of-the-road party is correct about the supply of dividends, we still do not know why investors wanted the dividends they got.

Niobium (Columbium) Chemical and Physical Properties

Niobium (Columbium) Chemical and Physical Properties Niobium, like tantalum, can act as an electrolytic valve allowing alternating current to pass in only one direction through an electrolytic cell. Niobium is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized  grades of stainless steel. It is also used in advanced airframe  systems. Superconductive magnets are made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. Niobium is used in lamp filaments and to make jewelry. It is capable of being colored by an electrolytic process. Niobium (Columbium)  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 41Symbol: Nb (Cb)Atomic Weight: 92.90638Discovery: Charles Hatchet 1801 (England)Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s1 4d4 Word Origin:  Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, as niobium is often associated with tantalum. Formerly known as Columbium, from Columbia, America, the original source of niobium ore. Many metallurgists, metal societies, and commercial producers still use the name Columbium. Isotopes: 18 isotopes of niobium are known. Properties: Platinum-white with a bright metallic luster, although niobium takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. Niobium is ductile, malleable, and highly resistant to corrosion. Niobium does not naturally occur in the free state; it is usually found with tantalum. Element Classification: Transition Metal Niobium (Columbium) Physical Data Density (g/cc): 8.57Melting Point (K): 2741Boiling Point (K): 5015Appearance: shiny white, soft, ductile metalAtomic Radius (pm): 146Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 10.8Covalent Radius (pm): 134Ionic Radius: 69 (5e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.268Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 26.8Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 680Debye Temperature (K): 275.00Pauling Negativity Number: 1.6First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 663.6Oxidation States: 5, 3Lattice Structure: Body-Centered CubicLattice Constant (Ã…): 3.300 Sources Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Creole linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Creole linguistics - Essay Example Further studies shows that they have some aspects of their source grammar, however. Caribbean writer Kamau Brathwaite introduced the term creolisation and since then, both Caribbean and non Caribbean researchers have begun a quest for further studies. Rex Nettleford, Sidney Mintz and Sally Price are some of the persons who have made contributions. Creole has become field of study in linguistics and in the region as well. The definition of creole varies. Its meaning can range from language type to cultural and racial identification. To arrive at a basic definition one has to examine the historical nature. Many writers have theorized the origin of the term creole. Some claim that it is connected to Spanish and or Portuguese language while others trace it back to Africa. There exists a common pattern, however, in creolisation. Creole has also a racial and cultural connotation. In the nineteenth century creole could mean a white person born outside of Europe in the colonies. It could also refer to a Jamaican, or also a person of mixed race. There were also negative attitudes towards creoles. Some whites born in Europe believed the creoles to be inferior. On the other hand the creole blacks thought themselves superior to the newly arrived Africans. The creole population was soon to be identified by new culture and attitudes. Creoles were also identified by their adaptation to the new environment outside of Africa. Eventually creole became synonymous with nationalism. Theorists disagree on the definition of creole culture. Some theorists point to Voodoo and Rastafarian religions as elements of creolisation while others parallel the afro Caribbean culture on a whole with creolisation. In order to arrive at a compromise one has to examine certain principles. One of the main principles involves moving away from the search for origin and focusing instead on the available